Method for monitoring cancer and/or inflammatory reaction based on relb phosphorylation

ABSTRACT

The present Inventors demonstrated that the RelB subunit of NFκB plays a crucial role in promoting cell migration. More precisely, they identified that this pro-migratory activity is mediated by the activation of the NFκB pathway through RelB phosphorylation at serine 472. In a first aspect, the present invention proposes to monitor the activation of the NFκB pathway by following the phosphorylation status of said serine. Also, the present invention discloses methods and kits for prognosing the evolution of a disease involving cell migration in a subject—treated or not—suffering thereof, based on the detection of said RelB-S472 phosphorylation.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

NFκB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) isa protein complex that controls the transcription of DNA. NFκB is foundin almost all animal cell types and is involved in cellular responses tostimuli such as stress, cytokines, free radicals, ultravioletirradiation, oxidized LDL, and bacterial or viral antigens. It is nowwell accepted that the NF-κB pathway is involved in inflammatorydiseases, cancer development and progression in human solid tumors.

In mammals, the NF-κB transcription factor family is composed of fivemembers, RelA (p65), RelB, cRel (Rel), NF-κB1 (p50 and its precursorp105) and NF-κB2 (p52 and its precursor p100), and forms a collection ofvarious homodimeric and heterodimeric complexes (Oeckinghaus A, et al,Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol. 2009; Hayden M S and Ghosh S Cell.2008).

The activity of the NF-κB subunit complexes is regulated by two majorpathways. The first one, known as the classical or canonical NF-κBactivation pathway, mainly applies to RelA:p50 dimers, which, undernon-stimulated conditions, are sequestered in the cytoplasm throughinteractions with inhibitory proteins of the IκB family. Followingstimulation with a broad range of stimuli such as TNF-α or IL-1,viruses, genotoxic agents and ionizing radiation, the IκB molecules arephosphorylated by the IκB kinase complex (IKK) at specific serineresidues, leading to their ubiquitination and degradation by theproteasome pathway. RelA:p50 dimers are subsequently released and freeto translocate to the nucleus where they activate transcription ofvarious target genes (Ghosh, et al., Cell 2002). This pathway plays amajor role in the control of innate immunity and inflammation (Baud, V.& Karin, M. Trends Cell Biol 2001; Bonizzi, G. & Karin, M. TrendsImmunol 2004). The second pathway, the so-called alternative ornon-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway, is stimulated by a morerestricted set of cytokines that all belong to the TNF superfamily (e.g.BAFF, CD40L, LTβ). This pathway involves the upstream kinaseNF-κB-inducing kinase (NIK) which activates IKKα, thereby leading to thephosphorylation and proteasome-dependent processing of p100, the mainRelB inhibitor, resulting in RelB-p52 and RelB-p50 nuclear translocationand DNA binding (Derudder, E. et al. J Biol Chem 2003; Dejardin, E. etal. Immunity 2002; Xiao, G., et al, Mol Cell 2001; Coope, H. J. et al.Embo J. 2002; Claudio, E., et al. Nat Immunol 2002).

Most importantly, all studies point out to a crucial role for the RelBdependent alternative pathway in controlling the development,organization and function of secondary lymphoid organs and B-cellmaturation and survival (Bonizzi, G. & Karin, M. Trends Immunol 2004;Dejardin, E. Biochem Pharmacol. 2006).

Beyond the alternative NF-κB signaling cascade, RelB-dependent DNAbinding activity is negatively regulated at the nuclear level by severalmechanisms, such as trapping in RelA/RelB or p100/RelB complexes, andspecific serine phosphorylation (Marienfeld R, et al., J Biol Chem 2003;Jacque et al, PNAS 2005; Yilmaz Z B et al. Embo J 2003; Derudder E, etal. J Biol Chem 2003; Maier H J et al, J Biol Chem 2003). RelBcontaining dimers also display DNA binding specificity (Bonizzi G, etal. Embo J 2004; Fusco A J, et al., EMBO 2009; Natoli G and De Santa F,Cell Death Differ 2006), and RelB recruitment to some genes correlateswith transcriptional down-regulation (IL12-p40), whereas in other cases(EBV-induced molecule 1 ligand chemokine (ELC) and macrophage-derivedchemokine (MDC)), it increases transcriptional activity well over thelevel achieved by RelA or cRel (Saccani S, et al. Mol Cell 2003),further emphasizing the importance and unique role of RelB.

Several phosphorylation sites have been already characterized on theRelB protein. Phosphorylation at serine 368 has been shown to berequired for NF-κB DNA binding activity, dimerization with other NF-κBsubunits (p105/p50, p100/p52), and p100 half-life (Maier H J, et al., JBiol Chem 2003). Of note, no biological function has been associated tosaid phosphorylation and no inducer has been identified. Also, thethreonine 84 and the serine 552 have been shown to undergophosphorylation. This phosphorylation was found to be associated withthe induction of RelB degradation by the proteasome in T cell lines(Marienfeld R, et al. Oncogene 2001). RelB is conserved through themammal species and numerous homologs of the human RelB protein of SEQ IDNO:1 exist.

Activation of the canonical and non-canonical NFκB pathways has beeninvolved in cell migration of a number of different cells.

For example, it has been shown that activation of the canonical NFκBpathway induces the expression of CXCR4 (Helbig et al, J. Biol. Chem.2003) and the secretion of matrix metalloproteinases such as MMP9 (Sunet al, Carcinogenesis, 2012), so that it favors cancer cell migrationand metastasis. Also, NFκB pathway activation has been shown to inducethe secretion of MMP9 in macrophages (Rhee et al, Journal ofBiochemistry and Molecular Biology, 2007) and to play a key role inregulating the immune response to infection. Finally, the NFκB pathwaycontrols many genes involved in inflammation, and this pathway is foundto be chronically active in many inflammatory diseases, such asinflammatory bowel disease, arthritis, sepsis, gastritis, asthma,atherosclerosis and others (Monaco et al, PNAS 2004). In view of allthese implications, activation of the canonical NFκB pathway has beenproposed to evaluate the clinical outcome of cancer patients, saidactivation being associated with a poor prognosis (Sun et al,Carcinogenesis, 2012). Also, inhibitors of the NF-κB pathway have beenproposed to inhibit cancer cell migration, invasion, proliferation andtumor growth (Attoub et al, Journal of Medical Sciences, 2010) orinflammatory diseases (see anatabine, WO 2011/119722).

Interestingly, there are evidences indicating that the non-canonicalNF-κB pathway and, in particular, the RelB subunit of NF-κB, is alsoinvolved in cell migration/invasion in a number of different cancercells. This protein notably induces the more invasive mesenchymalphenotype in breast cancer cells (increase in snail, slug and vimentinprotein expression along with a decrease in E-cadherin gene expression)(Wang et al, Nat. Cell. Biol. 2007). It has been also involved ininvasion of gliomas (Lee, D. W., Et al., PLoS One) and prostate cancer(Guo, F., et al. Mol Immunol 2011).

FIGURE LEGENDS

FIG. 1 shows that IKK phosphorylates RelB at serine 472 upon TNFαtreatment in vitro and in vivo. (A) Schematic representation of theGST-RelB (1321-1511 aa) C-terminal point mutants in which serine (S) wasreplaced by alanine is indicated. (B) Whole cell extracts from WT MEFSstimulated by TNFα were subjected to immunoprecipitation with anti-IKKαand IKK immunocomplex kinase assays were performed using as substratesGST-RelB point mutants (C) Whole cell extracts from HEK293 cellstransiently transfected either with Xpress-WT RelB or Xpress-RelB S472Amutant along with HA-IKKα/β or kinase dead mutants (KD) were analyzed byimmunoblotting for RelB serine-472 phosphorylation using our customanti-RelB phosphoserine 472 antibody. (D) Whole cell extracts fromRelB-deficient MEFs transduced with lentiviruses encoding either WT RelB(RelB) or S472A mutant (S472A), either untreated, or treated with TNFαfor the indicated periods of time were analyzed by immunoblotting forRelB serine-472 phosphorylation as in (C). (E) Lymphotoxin β inducesRelB serine-472 phosphorylation in fibroblasts. Whole cell extracts fromRelB-deficient MEFs transduced with the indicated RelB lentiviruses,either untreated, or treated with agonistic LTβR agonistic antibody forthe indicated periods of time were analyzed by immunoblotting for RelBserine-472 phosphorylation using anti-RelB phospho-serine 472 antibody.

FIG. 2 shows equivalent sequences surrounding the 472 position of RelBin different animal species.

FIG. 3 shows impaired TNFα-induced migration in RelB S472A expressingMEFs. (A-B) RelB-deficient MEFs transduced with lentiviruses encodingeither the parental empty vector (control), or WT RelB (RelB) or S472A(S472A) mutant were grown to confluence, serum-starved for 24 hours,treated with TNFα (30 ng/ml) for 18 hours or left untreated and analyzedfor cell migration by scratch-wound assays as described in Experimentalprocedures. Wound closure of one representative experiment is shown (A)and the percentage (means+/−SEM of seven independent experiments foreach cell line) of wound closure is represented in (B), *P<0.05;**P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

FIG. 4 shows that RelB mutation decreases filamentous actin fibers inthe reconstituted relb^(−/−) MEFs. Filamentous actin stress fibers fromRelB-deficient MEFs transduced with the indicated lentiviruses andeither left untreated or treated with TNFα for 18 hours were detected byfluorescence microscopy using rhodamine-conjugated phalloidin.Statistical analysis of the number of stress fibers/cell (means+/−SEM ofthree independent experiments for each cell line, at least thirty cellsanalyzed for each experiment) is represented, *P<0.05; **P<0.01;***P<0.001.

FIG. 5 shows that MMP-3 is a phospho-serine 472 specific RelB targetgene.

(A) RelB S472A mutation prevents selective TNFα-induced pro-migrationNF-κB target gene expression. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed withspecific primer pairs for MMP3 gene using total RNAs prepared fromRelB-deficient MEFs transduced with the indicated lentiviruses andtreated with TNFα for 8 hours. Results are means±SEM (n=3) of threeindependent experiments normalized to the level of hypoxanthine-guaninephosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mRNA. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.(B) TNFα-induced recruitment of RelB to the MMP-3 promoter depends onserine 472. Recruitment of WT RelB and S472 mutant to MMP-3 and IκBpromoters was examined by ChIP assays followed by quantitative PCRanalysis. The results are means±SEM of three independent experimentsnormalized to inputs that reflect relative amount of sonicated DNAfragments present before immunoprecipitation. **P<0.01.(C) RelB serine-472 phosphorylation is critical for TNFα-induced MMP-3activity. The activity of secreted MMP-3 was determined by fluorescentMMP-3 enzymatic assay. MMP-3 activity is represented as relativefluorescence units (RFU). The results are means±SEM (n=4). *P<0.05;**P<0.01; ***P<0.001.(D) RelB S472A mutation has no effect on TNFα-induced NF-κB target geneexpression. Quantitative RT-PCR was performed with specific primer pairsfor the indicated genes using total RNAs prepared from RelB-deficientMEFs transduced with the indicated lentiviruses and treated with TNFαfor 8 hours. Results are means±SEM (n=3) of three independentexperiments normalized to the level of hypoxanthine-guaninephosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mRNA. *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

FIG. 6 shows that RelB serine 472 phosphorylation status promotes cellmigration in a MMP-3 dependent manner.

MMP-3 knockdown by RNA interference inhibits RelB serine-472-mediatedcell migration upon TNFα treatment. RelB-deficient MEFs transducedtransduced with the indicated lentiviruses were transfected with eithera scrambled control sequence (siRNA control) or two different siRNAoligonucleotides targeting MMP-3 (siRNA MMP-3 #1 or siRNA MMP-3 #2),grown to confluence, serum-starved for 24 hours, treated with TNFα for18 hours or left untreated and analyzed for cell migration byscratch-wound assays at the time of insert removal (T0) and 18 h afterinsert removal (T18). Wound closure of one representative experimentupon TNFα treatment is shown (A) and the percentage (means+/−SEM of fiveindependent experiments for each cell line) of wound closure isrepresented in (B), *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001.

FIG. 7 discloses a schematic view of RelB serine-472 phosphorylationacting as an activator of cell migration. The IκB kinase (IKK) complexconstitutively interacts with the RelB subunit of NF-κB (1). Activationof IKK upon prolonged TNFα treatment causes phosphorylation of RelB onserine-472 (2). It allows binding of RelB to the promoter ofpro-migration genes such as MMP-3 (3), thereby resulting in selectiveNF-κB target gene expression involved in the control cell migration (4).TNFα-induced IKK-driven RelB serine-472 phosphorylation is subsequentlyrequired for efficient cell migration in an MMP-3-dependent manner (5).

FIG. 8 shows that RelB exerts a serine-472-dependent activation of MMP3expression in breast cancer cells and that RelB serine-472phosphorylation status regulates RelB pro-migration function in breastcancer cells. (A) Quantitative RT-PCR was performed with specific primerpairs for the indicated genes using total RNAs prepared from MDA-MB-231cells transduced with lentiviruses encoding either the parental emptyvector (control) or WT RelB or RelB S472A mutant. Results are means±SEMof three independent experiments normalized to the level ofhypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase (HPRT) mRNA. *P<0.05. (B)MDA-MB-231 cells transduced with lentiviruses encoding either theparental empty vector (control) or WT RelB or RelB S472A mutant, weregrown to confluence, serum-starved for 24 hours, and analyzed for cellmigration by scratch-wound assays as described in Materials and Methods.

FIG. 9 shows that metastatic breast cancer cells exhibit RelB serine-472phosphorylation that is not detectable in non-metastatic breast cancercells. (A) Highest level of RelB serine-472 phosphorylation in highlyaggressive basal-like human breast cancer cells in comparison to luminalA and B breast cancer cells. Whole cell extracts from either invasivebasal-like (MCF10A, MDA-MB-468, HCC38, BT549, HCC1143 and MDA-MB-231) orluminal A and B (MCF7, T47D, MDA-MB-453) human breast cancer cells wereanalyzed by immunoblotting for the indicated proteins. (B) Demonstrationof the specificity of RelB in its phosphorylated state in metastaticbreast cancer cells. Whole cell extracts of either MCF10A (left panels)or BT549 (right panels) metastatic breast cancer cells separated bySDS-PAGE and transferred to nitrocellulose membrane were either leftuntreated or treated with calf intestinal phosphatase (CIP) for one hourat 37° C. and analyzed by immunoblotting for the indicated proteins.

FIG. 10 discloses the results obtained by comparing migration of the WTRelB expressing cells and S472A mutants in transwells experiments.

FIG. 11 shows the validation of the mouse anti-phospho serine-472specific RelB monoclonal antibody by immunohistochemistry (IHC) andimmunoblotting. (A) Validation of the mouse anti-phospho serine-472specific RelB monoclonal antibody by immunohistochemistry (IHC) onMDA-MB-231 cells transduced with lentiviruses encoding either theparental empty vector (control) or WT RelB or RelB S472A mutant. (B)Validation of the mouse anti-phospho serine-472 specific RelB monoclonalantibody by immunoblotting on MDA-MB-231 cells transduced withlentiviruses encoding either the parental empty vector (control) or WTRelB or RelB S472A mutant.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

Several diseases involve undesired cell migration, including cancer,systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), Sjogren's syndrome (SS), systemicsclerosis (SS), polymyositis, rheumatoid arthritis (RA), multiplesclerosis (MS), atherosclerosis, cerebral ischemia, abdominal aorticaneurysm (AAA), myocardial infarction (MI), cerebral amyloid angiopathy(CAA), angiogenesis, inflammation, and eczema. These diseases are thecause of loss of life and/or loss of the quality of life. While sometherapeutic approaches have been successful, these diseases have notbeen completely eradicated. For example, cancer metastasis isresponsible for 90% of treatment failure among cancer patients. Toimprove the life quality of patients suffering from said diseases, thereis a significant need of more objective and accurate methods foranalyzing the molecular mechanisms regulating the migratory capacity oftarget cells and the effectiveness of agents in inhibiting same. Theultimate goal is to determine the prognosis of said disease and adjustthe treatment consequently so as to obtain the most acceptabletherapeutic response. In a similar way, the said methods would enable arobust and easy following of a subject suffering from said disease.Eventually, the said methods would favor the development of noveltreatment strategies to reduce diseases involving undesired cellmigration, to improve the quality of life, and to prolong the survivalof subjects suffering from these diseases.

As mentioned previously, determining the activation level of the NFκBpathway would be relevant to evaluate the clinical outcome of diseasesinvolving undesired cell migration (e.g. cancer or inflammatorydiseases).

Whereas expensive and time-consuming global evaluation of NF-κBactivation by transcriptomics can be performed through the determinationof mRNA levels of hundreds of genes whose expression was reported to bedependent on classical NF-κB pathway mainly involving its RelA subunit,there is currently no satisfactory reagent enabling to detect preciselyand in a routine manner the activation status of the non-canonical NFκBpathway, and RelB in particular, in samples or in cells.

The present invention solves these needs by providing a robust and easyway to follow the activation of the RelB NF-κB subunit in a cell sample,as well as the means thereof.

As a matter of fact, the present Inventors demonstrate here for thefirst time that phosphorylation of RelB by the IκB kinase complex on adefined serine residue leads to RelB transcriptional activation. Thisactivation is observed when cells are contacted with various stimuli,such as TNF-α or lymphotoxin-β.

Monitoring the phosphorylation status of RelB-serine 472 by appropriatereagents appears to be a reproducible and easy way to monitor theactivation level of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway.

The present Inventors also demonstrate for the first time that the RelBsubunit of NFκB, once phosphorylated at serine 472, induces themigration of cells (and notably metastatic cancer cells), as serine-472phosphorylated RelB binds to the endogenous promoter ofmigration-associated genes (e.g., MMP genes), such binding resulting insubsequent transcriptional activation of these genes. Importantly, theseresults have been validated in invasive cancer cells with differentmigration assays (transwells, wound closure, etc.) (cf. FIGS. 8 and 9).

These results have obvious implications for the assessment of theclinical outcome of diseases involving undesired cell migration. Inparticular, they demonstrate that the RelB subunit of NFκB, oncephosphorylated at serine 472, contributes to the metastatic behavior ofcancer cells.

Consequently, the present Inventors propose to monitor thephosphorylation status of the serine 472 of the RelB subunit of NFκB inorder to i) evaluate if the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway is activated ina sample (whatever the stimulus of this activation is), ii) assess themigratory capacity of cells present in a sample, iii) prognose theclinical outcome of a disease involving undesired cell migration, andiv) design new treatments or dosage regimen or adapt previous treatmentsfor treating said diseases.

In a first aspect, the present invention relates to an in vitro methodfor detecting the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in onesample, the said method comprising the step of a) detecting thephosphorylation of serine 472 of the RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1, or ofa corresponding serine in a RelB homolog, in said sample.

In a preferred embodiment, the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκBpathway is detected if said phosphorylation is detected.

NFκB (Nuclear Factor-KappaB) is a heterodimeric protein composed ofdifferent combinations of members of the Rel family of transcriptionfactors, including NFκB1 (p50), NFκB2 (p52), RelA (p65), RelB, and c-Rel(Rel). Hetero and homo-dimerization of NFκB proteins which exhibitdifferential binding specificities includes p50/RelA, p50/c-Rel,p52/c-Rel, p65/c-Rel, RelA/RelA, p50/p50, p52/p52, RelB/p50 and RelB/p52and numerous other complexes.

NFκB is known to be important in regulating a variety of cellularresponses. It belongs to the category of “rapid-acting” primarytranscription factors, i.e., transcription factors that are present incells in an inactive state and do not require new protein synthesis tobe activated. This allows NFκB to be a first responder to harmfulcellular stimuli. Known inducers of NFκB activity are highly variableand include reactive oxygen species (ROS), tumor necrosis factor alpha(TNFα), interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS),Toll-like receptors (TLRs), lymphotoxin-α, lymphotoxin-β, BAFF, RANKL,isoproterenol, cocaine, and ionizing radiation.

By “activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway”, it is herein meantthe transmission of a cellular signal through the RelB branch of theNFκB pathway, said signal leading to a specific cellular response. Asexplained above, the NFκB pathway can act inter alia through the RelA orRelB transcription factors. More specifically, the activation of theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway of the invention corresponds to thetransduction of a cellular signal by the NFκB pathway through the RelBsubunit of the NFκB complex and not through the RelA subunit of the NFκBcomplex.

This activation may be due to various stimuli, such as TNF-α,interleukin 1-beta (IL-1β), bacterial lipopolysaccharides (LPS),Toll-like receptors (TLRs), lymphotoxin-α, lymphotoxin-β, BAFF, RANKL,isoproterenol, cocaine, and ionizing radiation. In particular, it may bedue to TNF-α, lymphotoxin-α or lymphotoxin-β stimulation.

There is currently no reliable and easy tool for detecting and measuringthe activation level of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway.

By contrast, the present Inventors demonstrate here that RelB isphosphorylated on serine 472 by the IκB kinase in response to specificextracellular ligands (TNF-α or lymphotoxin-β) and that this specificphosphorylation allows to precisely and reliably monitor the activationof the RelB-dependent non-canonical NF-κB signaling pathway. Inaddition, phosphorylation of RelB by an IκB kinase complex on serine 472residue leads to the transcription of a define set of genes (e.g., theMMP3 gene) that are involved in cell migration.

Inventors have surprisingly discovered that the expression of genesknown to be activated by RelB (such as Enpp2, CXCL12, PTX3, Snail andcIAP1, see FIG. 5C) is not dependent of said S472 phosphorylation andthat only pro-migratory genes are transcriptionally activated once RelBundergoes S472 phosphorylation. As a matter of fact, the results of theInventors demonstrate that these S472-phosphorylation dependent genesbelong to the Matrix Metalloproteinases family (MMP) (see examplesbelow). Activation of RelB through Ser472 thus appears to be highlyspecific of a migratory behaviour.

Therefore, the specific activation of RelB identified by the Inventorsmay be followed by i) detecting if the RelB subunit of the NFκB complexis phosphorylated on serine 472 (or on a corresponding serine residue)and/or ii) measuring the expression level of known pro-migratoryproteins such as MMPs (and in particular, MMP3).

Since protein phosphorylation is nowadays easily detected and measuredby conventional means, the results of the inventors enable the detectionof the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway simply andreproducibly.

The RelB protein or homolog thereof which is phosphorylated at serine472 or at a corresponding serine residue on said RelB homolog isreferred herein as the “biomarker of the invention”.

RelB is one of the five members of the NFκB family, which includes RelA(p65), RelB, c-Rel (Rel), NFκB1 (p50 and its precursor p105) and NFκB2(p52 and its precursor p100). RelB is the only NFκB member that cannothomodimerize and only triggers potent transcriptional activation whencoupled to p50 or p52. In human, the RelB protein has the sequencerepresented by SEQ ID NO:1 (NCBI NP_(—)006500.2), and carries onposition 472 a serine residue.

As used herein, the term “RelB homolog” refers to a homolog of SEQ IDNO:1. This homolog is for example the mouse RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:2(NP_(—)033072.2), the rat RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:3(XP_(—)002728953.1), the cattle RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:5(XP_(—)002695213.1), etc.

More generally, a “RelB homolog” is a protein whose sequence shares atleast 80% homology with the RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1, while retainingthe RelB function, e.g. the capacity of binding p50 or with DNA, thatcan be demonstrated for example by electrophoretic mobility shift assay(Derruder et al, JBC 2003). Preferably, the amino acid sequences of thehomologs of the RelB protein are identical at more than 80%, preferably81%, more preferably 82%, more preferably 83%, more preferably 84%, morepreferably 85%, preferably 86%, more preferably 87%, more preferably88%, more preferably 89%, more preferably 90%, more preferably 91%, morepreferably 92%, more preferably 93%, more preferably 94%, morepreferably 95%, more preferably 96% to the and even more preferably 97%to SEQ ID NO:1. Preferably, amino acid sequence identity is measured byusing the global alignment algorithm of Needleman and Wunsch (J. Mol.Biol. 1970).

It is noteworthy that the amino acid sequence of RelB is highlyconserved among the mammalian species (see FIG. 3). When a homologprotein is aligned with RelB using a convenient software (for examplethe “BLAST 2 sequences” software (Tatusova et al., <<Blast 2 sequences—anew tool for comparing protein and nucleotide sequences>>, FEMSMicrobiol., 1999), it is observed that the serine residue aligning toserine 472 may correspond to a slightly different position in the saidhomolog amino acid sequence.

Consequently, as used herein, the terms “corresponding serine in a RelBhomolog” or “corresponding serine” refer to the serine residue in a RelBhomolog which corresponds to the serine 472 of SEQ ID NO:1 when saidRelB homolog is aligned with SEQ ID NO:1 with a conventional software.For example serine 451 in SEQ ID NO: 2 is the corresponding serineresidue in RelB homolog of the species Mus musculus.

As used herein, the term “sample” relates to any sample that may be usedin a research laboratory or any biological sample. The sample may forexample be deprived of any cells and contain only purified proteins ornucleic acids that are to be studied. The sample may also be abiological sample taken from a subject. Such a biological sample mustallow for the determination of the expression levels of the biomarker ofthe invention. The nature of the biological sample will thus bedependent on the nature of the disorder. Preferred biological samplesfor the determination of the phosphorylation level of Ser472-RelBinclude samples such as a tissue sample, a blood sample, a urine sample,a plasma sample, or a lymph sample. Preferably, the term “sample”designates a cell extract or a protein extract.

Cell extracts can be obtained by conventional means. Historically,physical lysis was the method of choice for cell disruption andextraction of cellular contents; however, it often requires expensive,cumbersome equipment and involves protocols that can be difficult torepeat due to variability in the apparatus. Also, traditional physicaldisruption methods are not conducive for high throughput and smallervolumes typical of modern laboratory research. In recent years,detergent-based lysis methods have become the norm. Through empiricaltesting by trial and error, different detergent-based solutions composedof particular types and concentrations of detergents, buffers, salts andreducing agents have been developed to provide the best possible resultsfor particular species and types of cells. Detergents have both lysingand solubilizing effects. When the goal of cell lysis is to purify ortest the function of a particular protein, special attention must begiven to the effects of the lysis reagents on the stability and functionof the protein(s) of interest. Certain detergents will inactivate thefunction of particular enzymes, and long-term stability ofextracted/purified proteins often requires that they be removed from theinitial lysis reagents and/or stabilized by addition of particularcompounds. The skilled person will be able to adapt the usually usedprotocols and reagents to the detection of the phosphorylated protein ofthe invention. Commercially available reagents are preferred.

According to the present invention, a serine phosphorylation is apost-translational modification in which a covalently bound phosphategroup (PO₄ ³⁻) is added onto a serine by a specific protein kinase. Sucha phosphorylation results in a change of both the mass and the charge ofthe amino acid which is phosphorylated.

The detection of serine 472 phosphorylation can be achieved with usualimmunoassay techniques, such as immunoprecipitations, Western blotting,ELISAs, other sandwich assays, FACS analysis and cross-linking assays,and any other means known to the person of skills in the art. Specificreagents can be used to detect and/or quantify the phosphorylated RelBprotein, and to determine the distinct amounts of the phosphorylated andnon-phosphorylated forms. For example, the phosphorylated and thenon-phosphorylated forms of the RelB protein can be identified on thebasis of their respective different electrophoresis mobility by Westernblotting with an antibody against RelB or with antibodies recognizingspecifically the Ser472-phosphorylated RelB protein. Alternatively, thetotal amount of phosphorylated RelB protein can be assessed by ELISAwith antibodies recognizing specifically the Ser472-phosphorylated RelBprotein. The skilled person will realize that it may be preferable tofirst isolate the RelB protein, e.g. by immunoprecipitation or affinitychromatography, before determining the amount of phosphorylated protein.

Phosphorylation can also be conveniently determined by mass spectrometry(MS) following isolation of the protein of interest, i.e. the RelBprotein. MS requires less analyte material to provide high-qualityinformation about peptides than other current methods. Accordingly, in apreferred embodiment, purified RelB protein or fragments thereof arecharacterized by mass spectrometry (MS), matrix-assisted laserdesorption/ionization time-of-flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry,tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS), and/or MS 3 analysis. In one preferredembodiment, matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight(MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry is utilized to measure the masses ofpurified peptides. MALDI-TOF mass spectrometry is useful for rapidlyscreening samples before analyzing them by other, more complex methodssuch as tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) (see below), and is bothsensitive and simple.

In a preferred embodiment, the phosphorylation of the RelB protein onserine 472 or on the corresponding serine, is detected by means of areagent selected from the group consisting of: an antibody, an aptamer,an intrabody and an AQUA peptide.

This reagent, which is intended to detect specifically if the serine 472of the RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1 (or the corresponding serine in aRelB homolog) is phosphorylated, is also encompassed in the presentinvention. Said reagent is specific of the RelB protein phosphorylatedon serine 472 and as such will not detect other phosphorylated serine(such as PSR-45b antibody). In the context of the invention, saidreagent will be referred to hereafter as “the reagent of the invention”.

In a preferred embodiment, the reagent of the invention is an isolatedphosphorylation site-specific antibody that specifically binds the RelBprotein of SEQ ID NO:1 or an homolog thereof only when said protein orhomolog is phosphorylated on serine 472 or on a corresponding serine.Preferably, said antibody does not bind said RelB protein or homologwhen it is not phosphorylated on said serine. Said antibody is hereafterreferred to as “the antibody of the invention”.

The terms “antibody”, “antibodies” or “immunoglobulin” are usedinterchangeably throughout this application. They should be construed inthe broadest sense: these terms, as used herein, thus include monoclonalantibodies (e.g., full length or intact monoclonal antibodies),polyclonal antibodies, multivalent antibodies or multispecificantibodies (e.g., bispecific antibodies so long as they exhibit thedesired biological activity) and functional fragments thereof.

The term “antibody” as used herein designates a polypeptide that exhibitbinding specificity to a specific antigen. More particularly, anantibody (or “immunoglobulin”) consists of a glycoprotein comprising atleast two heavy (H) chains and two light (L) chains inter-connected bydisulfide bonds.

Each heavy chain comprises a heavy chain variable region (or domain)(abbreviated herein as V_(H)) and a heavy chain constant region(hereafter C_(H)). Heavy chains are classified as gamma, mu, alpha,delta, or epsilon, and define the antibody's isotype as IgG, IgM, IgA,IgD, and IgE, respectively. The C_(H) region of the immunoglobulin IgG,IgD, and IgA (γ, δ and α chains respectively) comprises three domains(CH1, CH2, and CH3) and a hinge region for added flexibility, while theC_(H) region of the immunoglobulin IgM and IgE contains 4 domains (CH1,CH2, CH3, and CH4).

IgG antibodies are classified in four distinct subtypes, named IgG1,IgG2, IgG3 and IgG4. The structure of the hinge regions in the γ chaingives each of these subtypes its unique biological profile (even thoughthere is about 95% similarity between their Fc regions, the structure ofthe hinge regions is relatively different).

Each light chain comprises a light chain variable region (abbreviatedherein as V_(L)) and a light chain constant region comprising only onedomain, C_(L). There are two types of light chain in mammals: the kappa(κ) chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin kappa locus on chromosome 2,and the lambda (λ) chain, encoded by the immunoglobulin lambda locus onchromosome 22.

The V_(H) and V_(L) regions can be further subdivided into regions ofhypervariability, termed “Complementarity Determining Regions” (CDR),which are primarily responsible for binding an antigen, and which areinterspersed with regions that are more conserved, designated “FrameworkRegions” (FR). Each V_(H) and V_(L) is composed of three CDRs and fourFRs, arranged from amino-terminus to carboxy-terminus in the followingorder: FR1, CDR1, FR2, CDR2, FR3, CDR3, FR4. The assignment of aminoacid sequences to each domain is in accordance with well-knownconventions (for example, the IMGT unique numbering convention asdisclosed by Lefranc, M.-P., et al., Dev. Comp. Immunol., 27, 55-77(2003)). The functional ability of the antibody to bind a particularantigen depends on the variable regions of each light/heavy chain pair,and is largely determined by the CDRs. The variable region of the heavychain differs in antibodies produced by different B cells, but is thesame for all antibodies produced by a single B cell or B cell clone (orhybridome). By contrast, the constant regions of the antibodies mediatethe binding of the immunoglobulin to host tissues or factors, includingvarious cells of the immune system (e.g. effector cells) and the firstcomponent (C1q) of the classical complement system.

An “epitope” is the site on the antigen to which an antibody binds. Itcan be formed by contiguous residues or by non-contiguous residuesbrought into close proximity by the folding of an antigenic protein. Anepitope in particular can comprise a residue carrying a specificpost-translational modification, e.g. a glycosylation or aphosphorylation, said specific post-translational modification ensuringspecific reconnaissance by the antibody. For example, in the presentcase, the epitope which is recognized by the antibody of the inventionis a group of contiguous residues or by non-contiguous residues broughtinto close proximity by the folding of an antigenic protein, saidresidues comprising the phosphorylated serine 472 residue or acorresponding serine residue. By contrast, the same group of residuescomprising the unphosphorylated serine 472 is not recognized by theantibody of the invention.

As used herein, the term “antibody fragments” intends to designate Fab,Fab′, F(ab′)2, scFv, dsFv, ds-scFv, dimers, minibodies, diabodies, andmultimers thereof and bispecific antibody fragments. Antibodies can befragmented using conventional techniques. For example, F(ab′)2 fragmentscan be generated by treating the antibody with pepsin. The resultingF(ab′)2 fragment can be treated to reduce disulfide bridges to produceFab′ fragments. Papain digestion can lead to the formation of Fabfragments. Fab, Fab′ and F(ab′)2, scFv, dsFv, ds-scFv, dimers,minibodies, diabodies, bispecific antibody fragments and other fragmentscan also be synthesized by recombinant techniques.

A “functional fragment” of an antibody means in particular an antibodyfragment as defined above, with the same binding activity tophosphorylated RelB as the parental antibody.

In the context of the present invention, an antibody is said to“recognize” or “bind” a peptide having a define sequence if saidantibody has an affinity constant K_(a) (which is the inverteddissociation constant, i.e. 1/K_(d)) higher than 10⁶ M⁻¹, preferablyhigher than 10⁷ M⁻¹, more preferably higher than 10⁸ M⁻¹ for saidpeptide. Also, in the context of the present invention, an antibody issaid to “specifically bind” or to “specifically recognize” a peptide ifsaid antibody has an affinity constant K_(a) greater than 10⁷ M⁻¹,preferably greater than 10⁸ M⁻¹, more preferably greater than 10⁹ M⁻¹for said peptide and even more preferably greater than 10¹⁰ M⁻¹ for saidpeptide and has an affinity constant K_(a) lower than 10⁵ M⁻¹ for allthe other peptide.

The affinity constant which is used to characterize the binding ofantibodies (Ab) to a peptide or an antigen (Ag) is the inverteddissociation constant defined as follows:

Ab + Ag ⇌ AbAg$K_{a} = {\frac{\lbrack{AbAg}\rbrack}{\lbrack{Ab}\rbrack \lbrack{Ag}\rbrack} = \frac{1}{K_{d}}}$

This affinity can be measured for example by equilibrium dialysis or byfluorescence quenching, both technologies being routinely used in theart.

In a preferred embodiment, the antibodies of the invention bind theSer472 phosphorylated RelB protein with a K_(D) of less than 10⁻⁷ M,preferably from less than 10⁻⁸ M. In a further preferred embodiment, theantibodies of the invention bind the Ser472 phosphorylated RelB proteinwith a K_(D) of less than 10⁻⁹M, preferably from less than 10⁻¹⁰ M.

More preferably, the antibodies of the invention do not bind the RelBprotein when said protein is not phosphorylated on Ser 472 (or on acorresponding serine residue). In particular, the antibodies of theinvention have an affinity constant K_(a) which is less than 10⁵ M⁻¹ forthe RelB protein which is not phosphorylated on Ser472. Moreparticularly, the antibodies of the invention have an affinity constantK_(a) which is less than 10⁵ M⁻¹ for all polypeptides, except with theSer472-phosphorylated RelB protein.

The antibody of the invention may be monoclonal or polyclonal and may beof any species of origin, including (for example) mouse, rat, rabbit,horse, or human, or may be chimeric antibodies.

A “polyclonal antibody” as used herein, refers to an antibody that isobtained from different B cells. It typically includes variousantibodies directed against various determinants, or epitopes, of thetarget antigen. Polyclonal phosphorylation site specific antibodies thatspecifically bind RelB only when phosphorylated at the serine 472 or acorresponding serine residue may be produced by standard antibodyproduction methods, for example by i) immunizing a suitable animal(e.g., rabbit, goat, etc.) with the phosphorylated protein of theinvention or with an immunogenic peptide, ii) collecting immune serumfrom the animal, and iii) separating the polyclonal antibodies from theimmune serum, in accordance with known procedures.

Immunogenic peptides suitable for producing antibodies of the inventionmay be designed, constructed and employed according to techniques usedin the art (see e.g. Czernik, Methods In Enzymology, 1991; Merrifield,J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1962). Preferably, an immunogenic peptide comprisesonly a portion of the protein of SEQ ID NO. 1 immediately flanking thephosphorylatable serine, i.e. the immunogenic peptide is a peptide of aspecific length, said peptide comprising a group of residues whichnecessarily includes serine 472.

In one particular aspect, the present invention also relates to anisolated immunogenic peptide containing at least 5 consecutive aminoacid residues of the RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1 or of an homologthereof, said immunogenic peptide containing the phosphorylated serineresidue located in position 472 of SEQ ID NO:1 or a corresponding serineresidue on said RelB homolog.

Preferably, said immunogenic peptide contains at least 8, morepreferably at least 10, and even more preferably at least 12 consecutiveamino acid residues of the RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1 or of an homologthereof, and contains the phosphorylated serine residue located inposition 472 of SEQ ID NO:1 or a corresponding serine residue on saidRelB homolog. Preferably, said immunogenic peptide contains no more than25, more preferably no more than 20, and even more preferably no morethan 15 consecutive amino acid residues of the RelB protein of SEQ IDNO:1 or of an homolog thereof.

Preferred immunogenic peptides are peptides consisting essentially ofabout 10 to 15 amino acids of SEQ ID NO:1 including the phosphorylatedserine 472 or a corresponding serine in a RelB homolog, wherein about 3to 8 amino acids are positioned on each side of said phosphorylatedserine.

For example, the immunogenic peptide of SEQ ID NO:5 may be used toproduce the antibodies of the invention. It will be appreciated by thoseof skill in the art that longer or shorter immunogenic peptides may alsobe employed.

In a preferred embodiment, the immunogenic peptide of the invention hasthe sequence GTVSLPGLEPPGG (SEQ ID NO:5), the Serine in position 4 ofsaid SEQ ID NO:5 being phosphorylated (PO₃H₂).

This immunogenic peptide can be synthetized by conventional means andcan be used to generate the polyclonal antibody of the invention.Convenient polyclonal antibodies have been accordingly obtained andsuccessfully used by the Inventors (see the experiments below).

In a preferred embodiment, the said phosphorylation site-specificantibody is a monoclonal antibody.

A “monoclonal antibody”, as used herein, means an antibody arising froma nearly homogeneous antibody population. The individual antibodies of apopulation are identical except for a few possible naturally-occurringmutations which can be found in minimal proportions. In other words, amonoclonal antibody consists of a homogeneous antibody arising from thegrowth of a single cell clone (for example a hybridoma, a eukaryotichost cell transfected with a DNA molecule coding for the homogeneousantibody, a prokaryotic host cell transfected with a DNA molecule codingfor the homogeneous antibody, etc.) and is characterized by heavy chainsof one and only one isotype and subtype, and light chains of only onetype. Monoclonal antibodies are highly specific and are directed againsta single epitope of an antigen. Monoclonal antibodies may be produced bya single clone of B cells or “hybridoma”. Monoclonal antibodies may alsobe recombinant, i.e. produced by protein engineering. The inventionrelates to monoclonal antibodies isolated or obtained by purificationfrom natural sources or obtained by genetic recombination or chemicalsynthesis.

The monoclonal antibodies of the invention may be produced in ahybridoma cell line according to the well-known technique of Kohler andMilstein, Nature 1975; Kohler and Milstein, Eur. J. Immunol. (1976); seealso, CURRENT PROTOCOLS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY, Ausubel et al. (1989).Monoclonal antibodies so produced are highly specific, and improve theselectivity and specificity of diagnostic assay methods provided by theinvention.

For example, a solution containing the appropriate antigen may beinjected into a mouse or other species and, after a sufficient time (inkeeping with conventional techniques), the animal is sacrificed andspleen cells obtained. The spleen cells are then immortalized by fusingthem with myeloma cells, typically in the presence of polyethyleneglycol, to produce hybridoma cells. The hybridoma cells are then grownin a suitable selection media, such ashypoxanthine-aminopterin-thymidine (HAT), and the supernatant screenedfor monoclonal antibodies having the desired specificity, as describedbelow. The secreted antibody may be recovered from tissue culturesupernatant by conventional methods such as precipitation, ion exchangeor affinity chromatography, or the like.

The invention also provides immortalized cell lines that produce themonoclonal antibody of the invention. For example, hybridoma clones,constructed as described above, that produce monoclonal antibodiesbinding specifically the RelB-phosphorylated form disclosed herein areprovided. In a preferred embodiment, said immortalized cell lines arellama hybridoma, a rabbit hydridoma or mouse hybridoma.

Monoclonal Fab fragments may also be produced in Escherichia coli byrecombinant techniques known to those skilled in the art (W. Huse,Science 246: 1275-81 (1989); Mullinax et al., PNAS 1990). If monoclonalantibodies of one isotype are preferred for a particular application,particular isotypes can be prepared directly, by selecting from theinitial fusion, or prepared secondarily, from a parental hybridomasecreting a monoclonal antibody of different isotype (Steplewski, etal., PNAS 1985; Spira et al., J. Immunol. Methods, 1984). The inventionincludes recombinant cells producing an antibody of the invention, whichcells may be constructed by well-known techniques; for example theantigen combining site of the monoclonal antibody can be cloned by PCRand single-chain antibodies produced as phage-displayed recombinantantibodies or soluble antibodies in E. coli.

Antibodies of the invention specifically bind the RelB protein whenphosphorylated on serine 472 (or a corresponding serine in a RelBhomolog), and do not bind to the non-phosphorylated form. Thisspecificity may be screened according to standard techniques (Czernik etal., Methods in Enzymology, 201: 264-283 (1991)) such as ELISA. Also,peptide competition assays may be carried out to confirm lack ofreactivity with other epitopes on the RelB protein. The antibodies ofthe invention may also be tested by Western blotting against cellpreparations containing RelB proteins mutated the on the serine 472residue, so as either to not accept phosphorylation (e.g. serine toalanine mutants, see examples in the experimental examples sectionherebelow) or to mimic constitutive phosphorylation on this residue(e.g. serine to aspartate or glutamate mutants). Such mutations are wellknown in the art. Antibodies may be further characterized viaimmunohistochemical (IHC) staining using normal and pathologic tissuesto examine RelB-S472 phosphorylation and activation status of the NFkBpathway in said tissues. IHC may be carried out on paraffin-embeddedtissues according to well-known techniques, for example comprising thesteps of: i) deparaffinizing tissue sections with xylene followed byethanol; ii) hydrating in water then PBS; iii) unmasking antigen byheating slide in sodium citrate buffer; iv) incubating sections inhydrogen peroxide; v) blocking in blocking solution; vi) incubatingslide in primary antibody and secondary antibody; and finally vii)detecting using ABC avidin/biotin method according to manufacturer'sinstructions (see ANTIBODIES: A LABORATORY MANUAL, Chapter 10, Harlow &Lane Eds., Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory (1988)). The antibodies of theinvention may be further characterized by flow cytometry carried outaccording to standard methods (Chow et al., Cytometry (Communications inClinical Cytometry) 2001).

Antibodies of the invention may also be advantageously conjugated tofluorescent dyes (e.g. Alexa-488, PE) for use in multiparametricanalyses along with other signal transduction and/or cell markerantibodies.

The phosphorylation-site specific antibodies of the inventionspecifically bind homolog RelB proteins that are phosphorylated at theserine 472 site or a corresponding serine thereof. In other words, theinvention includes antibodies that bind the conserved phosphorylatableserine in respective RelB proteins from other species (e.g. mouse, rat,monkey, yeast).

Two different monoclonal antibodies have been generated by the inventorsagainst the RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1 which is phosphorylated onserine 472 (see examples below). These antibodies can be used forexample to highlight the presence of S472-phosphorylated RelB byimmunohistochemistry (FIG. 11A, see also FIGS. 1D, 1E and 11B). They aretherefore advantageously used in order to carry out the methods of theinvention.

In a preferred embodiment, the reagent of the invention is an aptamerwhich binds, in a phospho-specific manner, essentially the samephosphorylatable epitope to which the phosphospecific antibody of theinvention binds (Neuberger et al., Nature 1984). Said aptamer ispreferably a nucleic acid-based aptamer. Nucleic acid-based aptamers arebeing developed for a variety of diagnostic applications, includingdetection of a wide range of non-nucleic acid analytes (Conrad et al,Methods Enzymol, 1996). Aptamers can be selected in vitro by the SELEXprocess from very large populations of random sequence oligomers(Ellington et Szostak, Nature 1990). This well-established methodologyselects aptamers based on their affinity for a specific target molecule.Aptamers can be selected against nearly any class of molecule includingproteins, ranging from simple peptides to post-translationally modifiedproteins. The post-translational modifications potentially detectable byaptamers include a variety of common covalent modifications such asphosphorylation, glycosylation, and proteolytic cleavage and noncovalentmodifications such as conformational changes due to binding of ligands(McCauley et al, Analytical Biochemistry 2003).

In a preferred embodiment, the reagent of the invention is an intrabodywhich binds, in a phospho-specific manner, essentially the samephosphorylated epitope to which the phosphospecific antibody of theinvention binds. An intrabody is an antibody that works within the cellto bind to an intracellular protein. Due to the lack of a reliablemechanism for bringing antibodies into the cell from the extracellularenvironment, this typically requires the expression of the antibodywithin the target cell, which can be accomplished by gene therapy(Rinaldi A S et al, Exp. Cell. Res. 2013; Chen et al, Human Gene Therapy1994). As a result, intrabodies are defined as antibodies that have beenmodified for intracellular localization. The antibody may remain in thecytoplasm, or it may have a nuclear localization signal. Becauseantibodies ordinarily are designed to be secreted from the cell,intrabodies require special alterations, including the use ofsingle-chain antibodies (scFvs), and modification of immunoglobulin VLdomains for hyperstability. Such optimizations have improved thestability and structure of intrabodies, allowing the publication of avariety of promising applications (Mhashilkar A M et al, The EMBOJournal, 1995).

The phosphorylated RelB protein identified by the present Inventors alsoenables the production of corresponding heavy-isotope labeled peptides(“AQUA peptides”) for the absolute quantification of the phosphorylatedor non-phosphorylated RelB protein in biological samples. Such peptidesare widely used and are well known in the art (see for example WO03/016861, and Gerber et al. PNAS 2003).

Briefly, an AQUA Peptide is a synthetic peptide corresponding to apeptide of interest (here a fragment of the RelB protein comprising theserine of interest). Each AQUA peptide incorporates one stable isotopelabeled amino acid, creating a slight increase (6-10 daltons) inmolecular weight. When mixed, the native peptide and the synthetic AQUAPeptide elute together chromatographically, migrate togetherelectrophoreticly, and ionize with the same intensity. However, by massspectrometry, the native peptide and the synthetic AQUA Peptide areeasily distinguished. In a typical AQUA experiment, a known amount of anAQUA Peptide is added to a biological protein sample. The sample is thendigested and analyzed by HPLC-MS. Extracted ion chromatograms aregenerated for the native peptide and the synthetic AQUA Peptide internalstandard. Using peak ratios, the quantity of native peptide iscalculated. Protein-AQUA is a powerful and enabling technology. Forproteomics researchers, it facilitates focused, quantitative studies ofnot only specific protein expression, but specific amino acidmodification as well. AQUA peptides are commercially available forexample through the SIGMA Aldrich supplier.

Thus, in a preferred embodiment, the reagent of the invention is an AQUApeptide.

This AQUA peptide will preferably have a size that minimizes the chancesthat the peptide sequence will be repeated elsewhere in other non-targetproteins, i.e., of at least about 6 amino acids. Also, its size will beoptimized to maximize ionization frequency, i.e., it should not belonger than about 20 amino acids. The sequence of said AQUA peptide isthus preferably ranged from about 7 to about 15 amino acids. Thissequence is also selected so that it is not likely to be chemicallyreactive during mass spectrometry. Consequently, sequences comprisingcysteine, tryptophan, or methionine should be avoided. Moreover, thesaid AQUA peptide contains one or more labeled amino acids (i.e. thelabel is an actual part of the peptide) or, less preferably, labels maybe attached after synthesis according to standard methods. Preferably,the label is a mass altering label selected based on the followingconsiderations: the mass should be unique to shift fragments massesproduced by MS analysis to regions of the spectrum with low background;the ion mass signature component is the portion of the labeling moietythat preferably exhibits a unique ion mass signature in MS analysis; thesum of the masses of the constituent atoms of the label is preferablyuniquely different than the fragments of all the possible amino acids.Finally, the label should be robust under the fragmentation conditionsof MS and not undergo unfavorable fragmentation. Labeling chemistryshould be efficient under a range of conditions, particularly denaturingconditions, and the labeled tag preferably remains soluble in the MSbuffer system of choice. The label may contain a mixture of two or moreisotopically distinct species to generate a unique mass spectrometricpattern at each labeled fragment position. Stable isotopes, such as 2H,¹³C, ¹⁵N, ¹⁷O, ¹⁸O, or ³⁴S, are among preferred labels. The productionand use of AQUA peptides for the absolute quantification of proteins incomplex mixtures has been described in WO 03/016861, and in Gerber etal. PNAS 100: 6940-5 (2003)).

Preferably, the AQUA peptide of the invention comprises at least 8consecutive amino acids from SEQ ID NO:1 or from an homolog thereof, andcomprises the serine 472 or corresponding serine residue in said RelBhomolog.

The reagent of the invention, and in particular the aptamers, theintrabodies, the antibodies and/or the AQUA peptides of the invention,may also be included within a kit, said kit being hereafter referred toas the “kit of the invention”. This kit may comprise at least onephosphorylation site-specific antibody, one aptamer, or one AQUA peptideas defined previously. When the kit of the invention contains theantibody of the invention, a secondary antibody conjugated to adetectable label is preferably included.

The kit of the invention may also include ancillary agents such asbuffering agents and protein stabilizing agents, e.g., polysaccharidesand the like. This kit may further include, where necessary, agents forreducing background interference in a test, control reagents, apparatusfor conducting a test, and the like. The kit of the invention may bepackaged in any suitable manner, typically with all elements in a singlecontainer along with a sheet of printed instructions for carrying outthe methods of the invention.

This kit is preferably used in order to carry out the detecting methodof the invention, which is thoroughly described above. It may also beused to carry out the methods disclosed below.

In a particular embodiment, this kit contains the monoclonal antibodiesthat have been generated by the inventors in order to detectspecifically the phosphorylation level of serine 472 of the RelBprotein.

In a preferred embodiment, the detecting method of the invention furthercomprises the step of b) measuring the phosphorylation level of serine472 of the RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1, or of a corresponding serine ina RelB homolog, in said sample.

Measuring the phosphorylation level of a phosphorylated residue can beachieved by any conventional techniques known in the art. For example,one can use classical immunoassays such as radioimmunoassay,immunofluorescence assays, enzyme-linked immunoassays, and the like.Preferred techniques are mass spectrometry-based assays such as thosedescribed above, as these assays enable to quantify precisely the amountof the target phosphorylated polypeptide (Mann et al, Trends inBiotechnology; 2002). These conventional techniques may use theantibodies of the invention.

In a more preferred embodiment, the detecting method of the inventionfurther comprises the steps of:

c) comparing the phosphorylation level obtained in step b) with areference phosphorylation level,andd) determining the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in saidsample.

In this embodiment, the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway ispreferably detected if said phosphorylation level obtained in b) issuperior to said reference phosphorylation level.

As used herein, the term “reference phosphorylation level” designates apredetermined phosphorylation level obtained from a sample with a knownlevel of Ser472-phosphorylated RelB protein. This latter sample iscalled hereafter a “reference sample”. In particular embodiments, thesaid reference sample may be a sample containing purified Ser472non-phosphorylated RelB protein, or a biological sample containingessentially cells in which the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway is notactivated.

Activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway can be performed by (i)extracellular effectors for example specific cytokines of the TNFαfamily (LTβ, CD40L, BAFF, TWEAK), (ii) stabilization of the NIK kinase,(iii) by expressing mutant forms of p100, the main RelB inhibitor,thereby preventing its association with RelB or leading to itsconstitutive degradation, and (iv) by overexpressing RelB.

Vice a versa, blockage in RelB-dependent NFκB pathway can be performedby (i) expressing dominant negative mutant forms of p100 whoseproteolysis cannot be induced upon extracellular stimulation, (ii) byusing antagonist antibody against specific receptors whoses ligands areknown inducers of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway, (iii) by inducingconstitutive degradation of NIK, and (iv) by expressing mutant form ofRelB that has an alanine instead of a serine in position 472.

Preferably, the reference sample contains essentially cells in which theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway has not been activated. More preferably, thereference sample contains purified Ser472 non-phosphorylated RelBprotein.

As mentioned previously, the detecting method of the invention mayrequire the comparison of the phosphorylation level on serine 472 of theRelB protein in the tested sample with a reference phosphorylationlevel, in order to conclude, if said phosphorylation level is superiorto said reference value, that the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway isactivated in said sample.

In the context of the invention, it is meant that the phosphorylationlevel which is measured in the tested sample is “superior to a referencevalue” if it is 2 fold superior, preferably 4 fold, and more preferably6 fold superior to said reference value. In other word, it is meant thatthe phosphorylation level which is measured in the tested sample is“superior to a reference value” for example if the ratio between saidphosphorylation level and said reference value is of at least 2, of atleast 4 or of at least 6.

On the contrary, it is meant that the phosphorylation level which ismeasured in the tested sample is “similar to a reference value” forexample if the ratio between said phosphorylation level and saidreference value is comprised between 0.8 and 1.2, preferably between 0.9and 1.1, more preferably between 0.95 and 1.05.

The person skilled in the art will understand that the phosphorylationlevel of the RelB protein in the test and in the reference samplesshould be normalized to the total amount of the RelB protein in saidsamples, or to the amount of a reference protein, e.g. beta-tubulin, insaid samples, Such a normalization facilitates the comparison of thelevels of phosphorylation between the tested sample and the referencesample.

The present Inventors have demonstrated that the RelB subunit of NFκB,once phosphorylated at serine 472, binds to the endogenous promoter ofmigration-associated genes, said binding resulting in subsequenttranscriptional activation of these genes. This binding occurs inparticular in breast cancer cells. These genes belong for example to theMMP family. One of these genes is the MMP3 gene (see FIGS. 5, 6, 7 and8A, and examples below). These results suggest that the detection of thebiomarker of the invention in cells of interest (e.g., cancer cells)reveals an enhanced expression of the said RelB-dependent pro-migratorygenes and, therefore, highlights the enhanced migratory capacity ofthese cells. The present inventors therefore propose to use thebiomarker of the invention to assess the migratory behavior of cellspresent in a biological sample.

They moreover propose to monitor the expression level of MMPs and inparticular of MMP3 to evaluate the activation level of theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway.

In another aspect, the present invention relates to an in vitro methodfor detecting the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in onesample, the said method comprising the step of detecting the expressionof a Matrix Metalloproteinase protein, for example the MMP9, MMP10,MMP12 or the MMP3 protein, in said sample.

Matrix metallopeptidase 3, alias “Matrix metalloproteinase 3” or “MMP3”is also known as Stromelysin-1. This enzyme is encoded in humans by theMMP3 gene. Human MMP3 has for example the SEQ ID NO:6 (NP_(—)002413).The MMP3 gene is part of a cluster of MMP genes which localizes tochromosome 11q22.3. MMP-3 has an estimated molecular weight of 54 kDa.The MMP-3 enzyme degrades collagen types II, III, IV, IX, and X,proteoglycans, fibronectin, laminin, and elastin. In addition, MMP-3 canalso activate other MMPs such as MMP-1, MMP-7, and MMP-9, renderingMMP-3 crucial in connective tissue remodeling. The enzyme is thought tobe involved in wound repair, progression of atherosclerosis, and tumorinitiation.

Matrix metallopeptidase 9 alias “Matrix metalloproteinase 9” or “MMP-9”,is also known as 92 kDa type IV collagenase, 92 kDa gelatinase orgelatinase B (GELB). This enzyme is encoded in humans by the MMP9 gene.Human MMP9 has for example the SEQ ID NO:7 (NP_(—)004985). The MMP9enzyme degrades type IV and V collagens. MMP9 is involved in thedevelopment of several human malignancies, as degradation of collagen IVin basement membrane and extracellular matrix facilitates tumorprogression, including invasion, metastasis, growth and angiogenesis.

Matrix metalloproteinase-10 or “MMP10” is also called Stromelysin-2 ortransin-2. This enzyme is encoded in humans by the MMP10 gene whichlocalizes on chromosome 11q22.3.

Human MMP10 has for example the SEQ ID NO:8 (NP_(—)002416). The MMP10enzyme degrades proteoglycans and fibronectin. It has been linked tocancer stem cell vitality and metastasis (Justilien V., PloS ONE 2012).

Matrix metalloproteinase-12 or “MMP12” is also called macrophagemetalloelastase (MME) or macrophage elastase (ME). This enzyme isencoded in humans by the MMP12 gene which localizes on chromosome11q22.3. Human MMP12 has for example the SEQ ID NO:9 (NP_(—)002417.2).The MMP12 enzyme degrades soluble and insoluble elastin. MMP12 may playa role in aneurysm formation and studies in mice and humans suggest arole in the development of emphysema (Curci et al, J. Clin. Invest 1998;Woodruff P G et al, Am. J. Resp. Crit. Care Med. 2005).

The expression of Matrix Metalloproteinase proteins can be assessed byany conventional means, for example by detecting the mRNA of saidprotein or by detecting the protein level by ELISA, western Blotting, orany other usual immunoassay.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to a method forassessing the migratory behavior of cells present in a biologicalsample, the said method comprising the steps of:

a) detecting the activation (or not) of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathwayin the cells present in said sample according to the detecting methodsof the invention, andb) determining that said cells have a migratory behavior if theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway in said cells is activated.

In this embodiment of the invention, the tested sample is preferably abiological sample containing cells of interest. This biological samplecan be either a primary cell culture, or a cell line culture, or asample obtained from a subject, said sample containing cells. The testedsample may also contain cell extracts or cell lysates.

As used herein, cells having a “migratory behavior” are meant toefficiently move and/or translate from one place to another. They aretherefore not static. On the contrary, static cells do not have anymigratory behavior.

In some cells, migratory ability can be constitutive, whereas in othercells, it is induced by specific external signals, including chemicalsignals and mechanical signals. The method of the invention ispreferably used so as to detect the migratory behavior of cells whosemigratory capacity is inducible. As a matter of fact, the method of theinvention will enable to indirectly detect if said cells have beencontacted with said specific external signals and if their migration hastherefore been induced.

Until recently, the cell migratory behavior was analyzed generallyeither by determining the level of known pro-migratory genes or proteinsexpressed (cytoskeleton proteins for example), or by analyzing theirmigration under a microscope (wound healing assays, transwells assays,etc.).

As many genes and proteins are involved in cell migration, the firstoption was time-consuming and required the analysis of a number ofdifferent markers before a reliable conclusion is obtained. The methodof the invention is therefore advantageous as it focuses on a singlebiomarker (the biomarker of the invention) so as to highlight themigratory behavior of cells. The method of the invention is also morereliable than the microscopic study of the cells, because, in theformer, the cells can be maintained in their natural environment(potentially containing the external signal from which the migratorycapacity results) until the cells are fixed and studied. Also, no biasis introduced by suspending them in artificial medium to permit theirvisualization.

The detection of the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway inthe cells through the detecting method of the invention can be performedwith a variety of standard assays as disclosed above. One can forexample use Western Blotting, ELISA, immunohistochemical staining, flowcytometry, mass spectrometry, etc. Preferably, these assays will beconducted by using the reagent of the invention. The person skilled inthe art will easily adapt and optimize the usual conditions of theseassays to take into account the specific conditions to use thesereagents.

In the context of the present invention, cells of interest are meant tohave a migratory behavior if the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in saidcells is activated, i.e, if the phosphorylation level of the serine 472of the RelB subunit of NFκB or of a corresponding serine thereof issuperior to the reference phosphorylation level. Preferably, in thiscase, said reference phosphorylation level has been obtained on areference sample containing only cells in which the RelB-dependent NFκBpathway is not activated or on a reference sample containing onlypurified Ser472 non-phosphorylated RelB protein. More preferably, saidreference phosphorylation level has been obtained on a reference samplecontaining only the same cells as those that are studied, in which theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway is not activated.

Once they are induced to migrate from the initial site of tumor growth,cancer cells acquire an invasive phenotype characterized by both theloss of cell-cell interactions and increased cell motility. These cellsare able to enter the blood or lymph vessels (intravasation) and crossthe vessel wall to exit the vasculature (extravasation) in distal organswhere they can continue to proliferate, thereby forming a second tumormass. Cancer cell migration is typically regulated by integrins,matrix-degrading enzymes, and cell-cell adhesion molecules.

The present Inventors have shown that the expression of some of thesemolecules (e.g. MMP3, MMP9, MMP10, MMP12) is regulated by theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway, and, in particular, by theSer472-phosphorylated form of RelB. They therefore propose to use thebiomarker of the invention in order to assess the invasiveness of acancer and to identify the risk that metastases appear in a subject.

Thus, in a further aspect, the present invention relates to method foridentifying a cancer at risk of metastases in a subject, the said methodcomprising the steps of:

a) detecting the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in thecancer cells present in a biological sample of said subject, accordingto the detecting methods of the invention, andb) concluding that said subject suffers from a cancer at risk ofmetastases if the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in said cancer cells isactivated.

As used herein, the term “subject” includes any multicellular animal.Preferably, said subject is a mammal. Mammalian subjects include humans,non-human primates, murines, ovines, bovines, ruminants, porcines,caprines, equines, canines, felines, ayes, etc. Preferably, said subjectis selected from the group consisting of: mouse, chicken, rat, human,rabbit, guinea pig, and hamster. More preferably, said subject is ahuman being.

In a particular embodiment, the said subject has been already diagnosedto be suffering from a cancer. In another particular embodiment, saidsubject is treated for said cancer.

“Metastases” refer to cancer cells that are translocated from a primarycancer site (i.e., a location where the cancer cell initially formedfrom a normal, hyperplastic or dysplastic cell) to a site other than theprimary site, where the translocated cancer cells lodge and proliferate.By “cancer at risk of metastases” is herein meant a cancer whose cellshave high migratory behavior and are able to translocate efficiently insecondary site(s). Therefore, in said subject, the risk of developingmetastases is for example increased by 100%, more preferably by 200%, ascompared with cancer subjects whose cancer cells have an inactiveRelB-dependent NFκB pathway.

Said cancer is for example selected from the group consisting of:carcinomas such as lung cancer, breast cancer, prostate cancer, cervicalcancer, pancreatic cancer, colon cancer, ovarian cancer; stomach cancer,esophagus cancer, mouth cancer, tongue cancer, gum cancer, skin cancer(e.g., melanoma, basal cell carcinoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, etc.), musclecancer, heart cancer, liver cancer, bronchial cancer, cartilage cancer,bone cancer, testis cancer, kidney cancer, endometrium cancer, uteruscancer, bladder cancer, bone marrow cancer, lymphoma cancer, spleencancer, thymus cancer, thyroid cancer, brain cancer, neuron cancer,mesothelioma, gall bladder cancer, ocular cancer (e.g., cancer of thecornea, cancer of uvea, cancer of the choroids, cancer of the macula,vitreous humor cancer, etc.), joint cancer (such as synovium cancer),glioblastoma, lymphoma, and leukemia.

The method of the invention is preferably applied to a subject sufferingfrom a cancer selected from the group consisting of: prostate cancer,osteosarcoma, lung cancer, breast cancer, endometrial cancer, leukemia,glioblastoma, lymphoma, multiple myeloma, ovarian cancer, pancreaticcancer and colon cancer. The method of the invention is more preferablyapplied to a subject suffering from a prostate cancer, a glioblastoma ora breast cancer.

In this aspect, the term “biological sample” corresponds to a samplecontaining cancer cells obtained from the subject to be tested. Such assample is hereafter designated as a “cancer sample”. This sample allowsthe skilled person to measure the level of the biomarker of theinvention in said cancer cells. In some cases, the method of theinvention may further comprise a preliminary step of extracting the saidcancer cells from the patient.

The cancer sample can be a tumor tissue sample or a liquid sample. Whenthe cancer is a solid cancer, the cancer sample is preferably a tissuesample. The tissue which is the site of the tumor may still comprise nontumor healthy tissue. The “cancer sample” should thus be limited totumor tissue taken from the patient. Said “cancer sample” may be abiopsy sample or a sample taken from a surgical resection therapy. Whenthe cancer is a leukemia or a lymphoma, the cancer sample is preferablya liquid sample, preferably a blood sample or a lymph sample.

In this particular aspect, the “reference sample” which is used tomeasure the “reference phosphorylation level” in the detecting method ofthe invention is preferably a sample containing only normal cells inwhich the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway is not activated or on a referencesample containing only purified Ser472 non-phosphorylated RelB protein.More preferably, said reference sample contains only normal cellsextracted from the subject to be tested, in which the RelB-dependentNFκB pathway is not activated.

As disclosed above, the detection of the activation of theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway in the cells through the detecting method ofthe invention can be performed with a variety of standard assays asdisclosed above.

As disclosed above, production of abnormal migratory signals may inducethe migration of the wrong cell type to the wrong place, which may havecatastrophic effects on tissue homeostasis and overall health. Apartfrom metastases development, other examples include autoimmune syndromesin which immune cells home to certain locations (joints in rheumatoidarthritis, and the CNS in multiple sclerosis are two examples) anddestroy the supporting tissue, causing severe damage. There are othertypes of alteration that cause abnormal migrations. For example, chronicinflammatory syndromes, such as asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiplesclerosis, psoriasis and Crohn's disease share a migratory component,i.e. the constant infiltration of immune cells into inappropriateplaces. Once these cells localize to their abnormal target tissues, theybecome activated and can cause massive damage and progressivedeterioration of the tissue. Some therapies against multiple sclerosisand psoriasis are based on preventing immune cells from reaching theirtarget tissues by counteracting receptors implicated in the abnormalhoming to the CNS and skin, respectively. Finally, the migration andproliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells is also a key event inprogressive vessel thickening leading to atherosclerosis and othervascular diseases. Vascular injury leads to endothelial dysfunction,which, in turn, promotes the expression of inflammatory markers andtransendothelial leukocyte migration. Recruitment of leukocytes from thecirculation into the vessel intima is a crucial step for the developmentof fibrous plaques. Cytokines are among the molecules known toupregulate endothelial cell adhesion molecules, recruit leukocytes andinduce smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation.

It results from the above that all these disorders can be designated as“involving cell migration” in its broadest sense. As cell migrationcapacity can be efficiently determining by means of the detecting methodof the invention, the present Inventors propose to use the biomarker ofthe invention so as to monitor the evolution of these disorders.

In a further aspect, the present invention relates to an in vitro methodfor monitoring the evolution of a disorder involving cell migration in asubject, the said method comprising the steps of:

a) providing at least two biological samples from the said subject,called first and second samples, the second sample having been collectedfrom said subject after the first sample,b) detecting the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway accordingto the detecting methods of the invention in said at least two samples,c) comparing the phosphorylation levels measured in step b) for saidfirst and said second samples,wherein the disorders worsens if the phosphorylation level measured insaid second sample is superior to the phosphorylation level measured insaid first sample.

This method will be referred to hereafter as the “monitoring method ofthe invention”.

In this aspect, the said biological sample can be either a “solidsample” containing for example an inflammatory tissue sample or a cancersample, or a “liquid sample”, for example a blood, a plasma, a lymph, ora urine sample. In all cases, the said sample has to contain the cellsof interest whose migration is likely to be involved in said disorder.Preferably, in case of an inflammatory disease, the said biologicalsample is a blood sample. Indeed, such a blood sample may contain thecells of interest and it may be obtained by a completely harmless bloodcollection from the subject. In some cases, the method of the inventionmay further comprise a preliminary step of extracting the said samplefrom the subject.

The two samples have to be obtained from the same subject. They arehowever collected at two different times separated with a time periodwhich depends on the disorder which is at stake. For example, if thesubject suffers from an inflammatory disease, the two samples can becollected with short time interval such as one-hour interval, two-hourinterval, until one-day interval or one-week interval. If the subjectsuffers from cancer or a cardiovascular disease, then the time intervalmay be extended to a one-month interval, a two-month interval, etc. Theskilled person will easily adjust said time interval to the situationhe/she is facing.

By “disorder involving cell migration”, it is herein included cancer,inflammatory diseases, and cardiovascular diseases.

Targeted cancers have been detailed above.

Inflammatory diseases include autoimmune syndromes and chronicinflammatory syndromes. Autoimmune syndromes are preferably selectedfrom the group consisting of: ankylosing spondylitis, arthritis,rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, gout, Chagas disease, chronicobstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), dermatomyositis, diabetes mellitustype 1, endometriosis, Goodpasture's syndrome, Graves' disease,Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS), Hashiomoto's disease, Hidradenitissuppurativa, Kawasaki disease, IgA nephropathy, Idiopathicthrombocytopenic purpura, inflammatory bowel disease, lupus, mixedconnective tissue disease, morphea, multiple sclerosis, myastheniagravis, narcolepsy, neuromyotonia, pemphigus vulgaris, perniciousanemia, psoriasis, psoriatic arthritis, polymyositis, primary biliarycirrhosis, relapsing polychondritis, schizophrenia, scleroderma,Sjogren's syndrome, Stiff person syndrome, temporal arteritis (alsoknown as giant cell arteritis), vasculitis, vitiligo, and Wegener'sgranulomatosis. Chronic inflammatory syndromes are preferably selectedfrom the group consisting of: asthma, rheumatoid arthritis, multiplesclerosis, psoriasis and Crohn's disease.

Cardiovascular diseases encompass diseases and disorders of the bloodvessels of the heart, diseases and disorders of the vascular system,and/or diseases and disorders of organs and anatomical systems caused bythe diseased condition of the vasculature. Examples include, but are notlimited to: inflammation of the vasculature such as myocarditis, chronicautoimmune myocarditis, bacterial and viral myocarditis, as well asinfective endocarditis; heart failure; congestive heart failure; chronicheart failure; cachexia of heart failure; cardiomyopathy, includingnon-ischemic (dilated cardiomyopathy; idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy;cardiogenic shock, heart failure secondary to extracorporeal circulatorysupport (“post-pump syndrome”), heart failure followingischemia/reperfusion injury; hypertrophic cardiomyopathy; restrictivecardiomyopathy; non-ischemic systemic hypertension; valvular disease;arythmogenic right ventricular cardiomyopathy) and ischemic(atherogenesis; atherosclerosis; arteriosclerosis; peripheral vasculardisease; coronary artery disease; infarctions, including stroke,transient ischemic attacks and myocardial infarctions). Additionaldisease states encompassed by the definition of cardiovascular diseaseinclude: aneurysms; arteritis; angina; embolism; platelet-associatedischemic disorders; ischemia/reperfusion injury; restenosis; mitraland/or tricuspid regurgitation; mitral stenosis; silent myocardialischemia; Raynaud's phenomena; thrombosis; deep venous thrombosis;pulmonary embolism; thrombotic microangiopathies including thromboticthrombocytopenic purpura (TTP) and hemolytic uremic syndrome (HUS),essential thrombocythemia, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC),and thrombosis and coagulopathies associated with exposure to a foreignor injured tissue surfacethrombophlebitis; vasculitis, includingKawasaki's vasculitis; Takayasu's arteritis; veno-occlusive disease,giant cell arteritis, Wegener's granulomatosis; Schoenlein-Henochpurpura, as well as cardiovascular disease arising from periodontalinfections by one or more oral pathogens, such as bacteria. The examplesof cardiovascular disease provided above are merely illustrative andprovided to aid those of skill in the art to appreciate the scope ofcardiovascular disease that can be prognosed by the methods of theinvention.

It can be concluded from the method of the invention that, if thephosphorylation level of the biomarker of the invention in the secondsample is superior to the phosphorylation level of said biomarker in thefirst sample, then the disorder worsens in the tested subject. Thismeans, in other words, that the said disorder is likely to become moreaggressive and that the said subject is not on the way of remission.

It can also mean that the treatment which has been administered so farto treat this disorder in said subject is not efficient and should beconsequently adapted or changed.

In another aspect, the present invention thus relates to an in vitromethod for controlling the efficiency of a treatment in a subjectsuffering from said disorder involving cell migration. Said methodcontains the same steps as the monitoring method of the inventiondescribed above. This method obviously requires that the said subject iscurrently treated by a determined treatment.

It results from this method that said treatment is diagnosed as “notefficient” in said subject if the phosphorylation level measured in saidsecond sample is superior to the phosphorylation level measured in saidfirst sample. In other words, it results from this method that the saidsubject is not responsive to said treatment.

The methods of the invention can be advantageously used to identify anefficient treatment for treating a subject suffering from a disorderinvolving cell migration. This can be achieved by reproducing the methodfor controlling the efficiency of a treatment as many times asnecessary. In this case, the treatment to be tested can be alsoadministered between the two sampling steps, so that the phosphorylationlevel of the biomarker of the invention before and after theadministration of said treatment can be compared. Finally, it can beconcluded that the tested treatment is to be replaced by a stronger onewhen the phosphorylation level measured in said second sample issuperior to the phosphorylation level measured in said first sample.

Two different options can be foreseen when the current treatment isfound inefficient: either the same treatment is maintained but itsdosage regimen is revised (preferably enhanced), or the said treatmentis supplemented or replaced with another existing treatment (if any).

For the first option, the Inventors propose to use the monitoring methodof the invention for determining the efficient dose of the treatment tobe administered in said non-responsive subject. In particular, it can beconcluded from the results of the inventors that the dose of the saidtreatment is to be enhanced if the phosphorylation level measured insaid second sample is superior to the phosphorylation level measured insaid first sample. In the context of the invention, the appropriatedosage regimen will be identified once the phosphorylation levelmeasured in said second sample will be similar or inferior to thephosphorylation level measured in said first sample.

For the second option, the Inventors propose to use the monitoringmethod of the invention for determining the treatment which is to beadministered in said non-responsive subject in addition to or instead ofthe existing treatment. In particular, it can be concluded from theresults of the inventors that the tested treatment (either theadditional or the substitutive one) is not efficient enough as long asthe phosphorylation level measured in said second sample is superior tothe phosphorylation level measured in said first sample. In the contextof the invention, the appropriate additional or substitutive treatmentwill be identified once the phosphorylation level measured in saidsecond sample will be similar or inferior to the phosphorylation levelmeasured in said first sample.

Of note, it is also encompassed in the present invention a method fortreating a subject suffering from a disorder involving cell migration,said method comprising the steps of:

a) monitoring the evolution of a disorder according to the monitoringmethod of the invention, andb) administering a treatment in said subject before or between thecollection of said first and second samples,wherein if the phosphorylation level measured in said second sample issuperior to the phosphorylation level measured in said first sample,then the said treatment is not efficient in said subject.

Moreover, the present invention also encompasses a method for treating asubject suffering from a disorder involving cell migration, said methodcomprising the steps of:

a) controlling the efficiency of a treatment in a subject according tothe method of the invention, andb) administering to said subject an increased dose of the said treatmentif the phosphorylation level measured in said second sample is superiorto the phosphorylation level measured in said first sample, orc) administering to said subject an additional treatment or asubstitutive treatment if the phosphorylation level measured in saidsecond sample is superior to the phosphorylation level measured in saidfirst sample.

Optionally, the method for controlling the efficiency of a treatment insaid subject may be reproduced in order to determine if the new dose orthe new treatment is efficient in said subject.

By “increased dose”, it is meant a dose which is superior to the dosewhich had been administered to the subject before the two biologicalsamples were collected. This increase is dependent on the drug to beused and the skilled person will adjust it as recommended by theirmanufacturers.

Examples of suitable treatment for each kind of the targeted disordersare:

-   -   Bevacizumab, sorafenib, sunitinib, vinblastine, taxol, or        colchicine for treating cancer,    -   Corticosteroids (such as corticosterone, cortisone, or        aldosterone), azathioprine, mercaptopurine, infliximab, or        adalimumab for treating inflammatory disorders,    -   Propafenone, amiodarone, digoxine, fibrates (such as        bezafibrate, fenofibrate, gemfibrozil), diazoxide, minoxidil for        treating cardiovascular disorders.

The present Inventors identified for the first time that the RelBsubunit of the NKKB pathway is phosphorylated on its serine 472 (or on acorresponding residue), so as to become activated and mediate thetransactivation of many pro-migratory genes. This protein has beendefined above as the “biomarker of the invention”. Therefore, thepresent invention also relates to the said biomarker per se.

In particular, the present invention relates to an isolated RelB proteinof SEQ ID NO:1 or an homolog thereof, which is phosphorylated at serine472, or at a corresponding serine residue in said RelB homolog.

The definitions of the terms “homolog” and “corresponding residue” havebeen disclosed above.

The RelB protein may be synthesized by recombinant technologies that donot need to be herein detailed. The person skilled in the art may employconventional molecular biology, microbiology and recombinant DNAtechniques within the skill of the art. Such techniques are explainedfully in the literature (see, for example, Sambrook, Fitsch & Maniatis,Molecular Cloning: A Laboratory Manual, Second Edition (1989) ColdSpring Harbor Laboratory Press, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y. (referred toherein as “Sambrook et al., 1989”).

The RelB phosphorylation of serine 472 or on a corresponding residuethereof may be achieved by contacting said RelB protein with an IκBkinase complex in phosphorylating conditions. The serine 472 will bespecifically phosphorylated, as demonstrated in the example below.

Consequently, the present invention relates to a method to produce thesaid isolated protein, comprising the steps of a) providing a RelBprotein of SEQ ID NO: 1 or an homolog thereof, and b) contacting saidRelB protein with an IκB kinase complex in phosphorylating conditions.

Use of kinase assays by either immunoprecipitating endogenous IKKcomplex subunits (IKK immune complex kinase assay) or by usingconstitutively active IKK complex subunits (i.e., IKKα, IKKγ or IKKβ)are conventional for the skilled person. These kinase assays may bepurchased by various biotech companies, such as Promega, Cell SignalingTechnology, or Sigma-Aldrich. Phosphorylating conditions are describedin the manufacturer instructions and in the examples below. They do notneed to be detailed.

Finally, the present Inventors propose to use this isolated protein soas to identify potent antagonist of the RelB dependent—NFκB pathway in ascreening method comprising the following steps:

a) providing a candidate molecule,b) incubating the said candidate molecule with the RelB protein of SEQID NO:1 or an homolog thereof, in the presence of the IkB kinase inphosphorylating conditions, andc) detecting whether phosphorylation of serine 472 in SEQ ID NO:1 or ofa corresponding serine residue in a RelB homolog occurs.

Step c) of detection can be performed as mentioned above, for example bymeans of the reagent of the invention.

Phosphorylating conditions are disclosed in examples. Buffers caninclude for example 10 to 50 mM Hepes pH7.4 to pH7.6; 5 to 10 mM MgCl2;10 to 100 μM ATP; 1.5 μg of either bacterially expressed GST alone(control) or of GST-RelB full length and mutant forms (as substrate).These reagents can be incubated at 30° C. for 25 min for allowing thephosphorylation to occur.

Similar kinase assays could be performed using whole cell extracts fromtransfected cells overexpressing either IKKα or IKKβ; or by usingconstitutively active IKKα or IKKβ kinases (purchased from Biotechcompanies).

The IkB kinase is for example supplied in convenient kits by Biotechsuppliers such as Promega, Cell Signaling Technology, or Sigma-Aldrich.

Preferably, the screening method of the invention enables to identifymolecule that prevents the phosphorylation of serine 472 of SEQ ID NO:1or of the corresponding serine residue on said RelB homolog but not thephosphorylation of other serine in said proteins.

As Ser472-phosphorylated RelB has been associated with the developmentof cancer and inflammatory disease, such a candidate molecule may thusbe an efficient anti-tumoral agent or an efficient anti-inflammatoryagent. It is preferably a small chemical molecule. This molecule can beadvantageously used in the treating methods of the invention mentionedabove.

This screening method may also contain a step of detecting whetherphosphorylation of other serine residue(s) in the RelB protein of SEQ IDNO:1 or in a RelB homolog occurs. The detection of these phosphorylatedresidue(s) may be performed by conventional antibodies such as thepolyclonal RelB antibody Phospho-Ser⁵⁷³ (Genscript; A00540-100); theRelB (Phospho-Ser⁵⁵²) Antibody (#11255-2 of Signalway Antibody Co.,Ltd); or #4999 of Cell Signaling Technology) (Leidner et al, Oncogene2001).

Alternatively, this screening method may be based on the detection ofthe expression of the RelB-dependent pro-migratory genes that belong tothe MMP family such as MMP3, MMP10, MMP12 or MMP9, as mentioned above.

EXAMPLES Material and Methods Antibodies and Reagent

The antibodies were purchased from Santa Cruz (RelB C19 # sc-226; IKKαM-204 # sc-7184 and Omniprobe M-21 # sc-499), Roche Applied Science (HAclone 3F10), Millipore (IKKβ clone 10AG2, #05-535,) BD Biosciences(IKK-γ # C73-764 and # C73-1794), Sigma-Aldrich (β-actin clone AC-15 #A5441), Life technologies (Rhodamine Phalloidin Conjugate, MolecularProbes®), and Eurogentec (custom phospho-RelB serine 472). Murinerecombinant TNF-α was purchased from Sigma-Aldrich.

Production of Two Monoclonal Antibodies Specific for RelB-472SerP.

Four mice has been immunized by the injection of phosphorylated peptide(sequence: GTV-S/(P03H2)/-LPGLEPPG+C) coupled at KLH protein. Followingthree immunisations with this peptide and three boosts of four mice,mouse lymphocytes from the spleen of the two best mice are fused withmyeloma cells for hybridoma production. Positive hybridomas werescreened first by ELISA comparing the signal with the non-phosphorylatedvs the S472-phosphorylated peptide used for the immunization, and thenby western blotting for detection of RelB S472 phosphorylation uponco-expression by transient transfection in 293 cells of the kinase IKKαalong with either WT RelB or RelB S472A mutant. Two hybridomas out ofthirty tested have been selected and entered the cloning phase. Further,ten subclones for each of the two hybridomas have been screened both byELISA and western blotting as described above, and the two bestsubclones were selected for purification.

Plasmid Constructs

Expression vectors for RelB were obtained from M. Korner (Institut AndréLwoff, Villejuif, France), wild type and kinase inactive K44M mutants(KD) of HA-IKKα and HA-IKKβ were from M. Karin (University ofCalifornia, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif.), and pSuper vector containingpolymerase III H1 promoter was provided by T. Tuschl (The RockfellerUniversity, New-York, USA). pTRIP-RelB was generated by subcloning humanfull-length RelB cDNA into pTRIP-ΔU3-EF1α-IRES GFP lentiviral vector(Kieusseian et al, Blood 2006). GST-RelB full length and deletionmutants were obtained by subcloning RelB coding sequences from aminoacids 1-580 (FL), 1-285 (N-ter), 271-580 (C-ter), 274-321 (Δ1), 316-377(Δ2), 372-448 (Δ3), 441-504 (Δ4) and 499-580 (Δ5) following standardrecombinant DNA procedures; and details are available upon request.GST-RelB point mutants were generated by substituting serine 451, 458,468 and 472 to alanine using site-directed mutagenesis (QuickChange®kit, Qiagen) and confirmed by sequencing.

Cells Culture

RelB-deficient mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) were kind gifts fromF. Weih (Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany). MEFs, HEK293 and 293Tcells were grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle medium (Life Technologies)supplemented with 10% heat-inactivated fetal bovine serum, 2 mML-glutamine, 1 mM sodium pyruvate, 100 units/ml penicillin-streptomycin.

Kinase Assays

For IKK immunocomplex kinase assays, whole cell extracts were preparedin whole cell lysis buffer (300 mM NaCl, 25 mM Hepes pH 7.7, 1.5 mMMgCl2, 0.2 mM EDTA, 0.5% triton supplemented with 10 mM p-nitrophenylphosphate disodium salt, 20 mM β-glycerol phosphate, 100 μM Na3VO4, 1 mMPMSF, 1× complete protease inhibitor cocktail (Roche Diagnostic)).Either endogenous IKKα or -IKKβ or IKKγ/NEMO were immunoprecipitatedfrom 100 μg of cell lysates with corresponding antibody for 2 h orovernight at 4° C., after which proteinA/G-agarose beads were added andincubation continued for 90 min at 4° C. The immunoprecipitates werecollected, washed three times in lysis buffer and once in kinase buffer(20 mM Hepes pH7.6, 10 mM MgCl2), and then incubated at 30° C. for 25min in 30 μl kinase reaction mixture containing 1 μCi γ³²P ATP, 1.5 μgof either bacterial expressed GST alone (control) or GST-RelB fulllength and mutant forms as substrate. The reaction was stopped byaddition of an equal volume of Laemmli buffer and heat denaturation for5 min at 90° C. Proteins were separated on 10% SDS-polyacrylamide geland transferred to nitrocellulose membranes, stained with Ponceau S,subjected to autoradiography to visualize phosphorylated GST-fusionproteins, and finally analyzed by immunoblotting for normalization onamount of immunoprecipitated IKKs.

In Vivo Biotinylation Approach and Mass Spectrometry Analysis

The approach was adapted from the method described by De Boer et al.based on efficient biotinylation in vivo and single-step purification oftagged transcription factors in mammalian cells (De Boer et al. PNAS2003). Briefly, we first generated a lentiviral vector named pTRIP-BirAby subcloning the bacterial protein-biotin ligase BirA cDNA into thelentiviral vector pTRIP-ΔU3-EF1α-IRES GFP (Kieusseian et al, Blood 2006)and then subcloned the cDNA encoding full-length RelB tagged at theC-terminus by a peptide of 23 amino acids that can be biotinylated byBirA in vivo (RelB-BP). RelB-deficient MEFs were then stably transducedwith either pTRIP-BirA empty vector or pTRIP-BirA expressing RelB-BP.Following large scale cell culture, cytoplasmic and nuclear extractswere incubated with streptavidin beads. Eluted proteins were separatedby SDS-PAGE and then stained with colloidal blue. Each entire lane wasdivided into 2-3-mm gel slices (at least 20 gel plugs/lane) that wereeach treated by an in-gel-digested method using modified trypsin andfurther analyzed by nanoflow liquid chromatography-tandem coupled to aQ-TOF system (J. A. Demmers, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, TheNetherlands). Data base searches were performed using MASCOT andProfound.

In Vivo Labeling and Phosphoamino Acid Analysis

Cells were either untreated or stimulated with TNFα for 6 hours andlabeled with [³²P]-orthophosphate (0.5 mCi/mL) for the last 2 hours inphosphate-free DMEM. RelB was immunoprecipitated from whole cellextracts, separated by SDS-PAGE, and transferred to PVDF membrane. Aftervisualization by autoradiography, RelB was revealed by immunoblotting onthe same membrane. For phosphoamino acid analysis, metabolically labeledRelB was cut from the membrane, washed several times with water andhydrolyzed for 60 min at 110° C. in 6M HCl. The acid was evaporated andsample was dissolved in 10 μl of TLE pH 1.9 buffer (2.2% formic acid,7.8% acetic acid) and mixed with 1 μg cold phosphoserine,phosphothreonine and phosphotyrosine standards. The location of thephosphoamino acids was mapped by ninhydrin staining and ³²P radiolabeledphosphoamino acids were separated by single dimension thin layerelectrophoresis and revealed by autoradiography as described previously(van der Geer P, Hunter T. (1994) Electrophoresis.).

Real time RT-PCR

Total RNA extraction and RT were performed using TRIzol (LifeTechnologies) and Superscript VILO reverse transcriptase (LifeTechnologies), respectively. Real-time PCR analysis was carried out withLightCycler FastStart DNA Master^(plus) SYBR Green I on a LightCycler1.5 (Roche Applied Science). All values were normalized to the level ofHPRT mRNA. Primers sequences are as follow: HPRT sense5′-GCTGGTGAAAAGGACCTCT-3′, HPRT antisense 5′CACAGGACTAGAACACCTGC-3′;MMP-3 sense 5′-CAGACTTGTCCCGTTTCCAT-3′, MMP-3 antisense5′-GGTGCTGACTGCATCAAAGA-3′.

Chromatin Immunoprecipitation (ChIP) Assays

ChIP assays were performed as described (Jacque et al, Oncogene 2012).Samples were analyzed by real-time PCR.

Sequences of promoter-specific primers are as follow: MMP-3 sense5′-CAGCCTGCTACTTAGTTCCTGTG-3′, MMP-3 antisense 5′-CGACCACTTCTGCCCTGA-3′IκBa sense 5′-CGCTAAGAGGAACAGCCTAG-3′, and IκBa sense5′-GGAATTTCCAAGCCAGTCAG-3′.

MMP-3 Activity Assays

Cells (3×10⁴ cells/well) were seeded in 24-well plates and grown underthe culture conditions as described above. Twenty-four hours later, cellculture supernatant was collected, incubated with 1 mM of4-aminophenylmercuric acetate (APMA) for 24 hours at 37° C. to activatepro-MMPs, and MMP-3 activity measured by using the SensoLyte® 490 MMP-3Fluorometric Assay Kit (AnaSpec) according to the manufacturer'sinstructions.

Scratch-Wound Assays

Cells (2×10⁵ cells/dish) seeded in 60 mm dishes were grown to confluentmonolayer for 24 hours in DMEM with 10% FBS, after which FBS was loweredto 0.5% for an additional 24 hours before scratches were madesimultaneously in all culture dishes using a 0.5 mm diameter pipettetip. Scratch area was monitored at the time of scratch (T0) and over 18hours (T18). For TNFα induction studies, TNFα was added to serum-starvedcell culture medium right after scratches were made. Quantification ofwound closure was performed using the ImageJ software(http://rsbweb.nih.gov.ij/). Scratch wound results were compiled fromseven dishes with one scratch in each dish.

Immunofluorescence Microscopy and Quantification of Actin Stress Fibers

Cells seeded on coverslips for 24 hours were fixed with 4% (w/v)paraformaldehyde in PBS for 20 min, washed once with PBS, andpermeabilized for 5 min with 0.1% Triton X-100 in PBS at roomtemperature. After blocking with 10% FBS in PBS for 10 min at roomtemperature, cells were incubated with the Rhodamine PhalloidinConjugate (1:200, Molecular Probes®) in 3% FBS in PBS for 20 min at roomtemperature. After two washes in PBS, the coverslips were mounted withProlong Gold with DAPI (Life technologies). Fluorescence imaging wasperformed using a Zeiss Axio Observer D1 inverted microscope and aAxioCam MRC 3 camera using the AxioVision software (Carl Zeiss ImagingSolutions). The differences in actin stress fibers were quantified usingthe Image) software.

siRNA Transfections

siRNA transfections were performed as described previously (Jacque etal, PNAS, 2005). All siRNA duplexes were synthesized by Sigma-Aldrich:siMMP-3#1 sense 5′-AAGATTGTGTGTCGTTTATTAdTdT-3′; siMMP-3 #2 sense5′-AAGATGTGAAGCAATTTATTAdTdT-3′; siRNA control sense5′-CGUACGCGGAAUACUUCGAdTdT-3′.

Transwells

100 000 cells were seeded in 24-well transwell plates coated withmatrigel (70 μl at 3 mg/ml). After an incubation at 37° C. for 24 hours,non-invaded cells on the top of the transwells were scraped off with acotton swab, and invaded cells on the bottom of the transwells werefixed with ethanol for 10 min and stained with cristal violet 0.5%.Counting of invaded cells is performed by colorimetric assay at 560 nmon the cut off membrane placed in 100 μl of DMSO in a 96-well plate.

Immunohistochemistry Assays

Immunostaining was performed on a Leica-Bond automate using paraffinembedded cell pellets. After a pretreatment with ER1 buffer for 30 minfollowed by an incubation with primary antibodies at a 1/100 dilutionfor 20 min, the amplification and detection were performed using “BondPolymer refine detection kit” (Leica), using immunoperoxidase conjugatesand DAB as colorimetric substrate.

Statistical Analysis

Statistical significance was accessed using unpaired t tests (Prism5.0c, GraphPad Software). A value of P<0.05 was considered asstatistically significant with the following degrees: *P<0.05; **P<0.01;***P<0.001.

Other Experimental Procedures

Transient transfections, lentiviral production and transduction,coimmunoprecipitation, immunoblotting, electromobility shift assays, andcell proliferation assays were all performed as described previously(Jacque et al, PNAS, 2005; Leotoing L. et al, JBC, 2011; Jacque et al,Oncogene 2012).

Results The IKK Complex Binds to RelB in Fibroblasts

Although RelB was identified almost 30 years ago, little is known aboutits upstream activators and its downstream substrates. We identified IkBkinase (IKK) complex as a new RelB-interacting partner, this interactionwas confirmed by coimmunoprecipitation experiments using whole cellextracts from WT MEFs either left untreated or treated by TNFα for 6hours. As a control, similar immunoprecipitation experiments wereperformed by using nonimmune serum to verify the specificity of theinteraction. Reciprocal experiments with RelB-, IKKα-, IKKβ- andNEMO-specific antibodies showed that endogenous RelB coimmunoprecipateswith all three subunits of the IKK complex in resting and TNFα-inducedcells. This result suggests that RelB interacts specifically andconstitutively with the IKK complex.

Furthermore, beyond TNFα, RelB S472 phosphorylation occurs in responseto another stimulus, lymphotoxin β. We have performed immunoblottinganalysis of RelB-deficient MEF reexpressing either WT RelB or the RelBS472A mutant using anti-phospho serine-472 specific RelB antibody. Eighthours of lymphotoxinβ receptor stimulation led to a marked induction ofRelB serine-472 phosphorylation in WT RelB expressing MEFs, whereas nosuch phosphorylation was observed in RelB S472A expressing cells (FIG.1E). Importantly, RelB S472A-infected cell line expressed RelB at levelssimilar to that of WT RelB.

Given the ability of RelB to interact specifically with IKK, wehypothesized that IKK may directly control RelB activity bypost-translational modifications. Five GST-RelB deletion mutants (notedΔ1-Δ5 mutants), each containing a subdomain of the RelB coding region,were used as substrates in IKKγ kinase assays (Δ1: amino acids 274-321of SEQ ID NO:1; Δ2: amino acids 316-377 of SEQ ID NO:1; Δ3: amino acids372-448 of SEQ ID NO:1; Δ4: amino acids 441-504 of SEQ ID NO:1; Δ5:amino acids 499-580 of SEQ ID NO:1). Only mutant Δ4 was efficientlyphosphorylated by IKKγ. We have mutated each of the serine residues toalanine (S451A, S458A, S468A and S472A) into the 14 GST-RelB deletionmutant (FIG. 1A), and in vitro kinase assays revealed that only a pointmutation at serine 472 abolished phosphorylation of the Δ4 RelB deletionmutant (FIG. 1B). Taken together, these results show that TNF-α inducesin vitro the robust phosphorylation of RelB at serine 472 site by thecomplex IKK.

TNF-α Induces RelB Serine 472 Phosphorylation by IKK In Vivo

In vivo labeling experiments followed by RelB immunoprecipitation wereperformed with MEFs treated with TNF-α for 6 hours and showed thatendogenous RelB is inducibly phosphorylated following TNF-α treatment.In order to examine the phosphorylation of endogenous RelB at serine472, we have generated custom anti-phospho serine-472 specific RelBantibody and shown by immunoblotting that RelB serine-472phosphorylation could be detected when WT RelB was coexpressed withHA-IKKα or HA-IKKβ but not catalytically inactive K44M IKKα and IKKβmutants (FIG. 1C), indicating that a functional IKK complex is requiredfor RelB-induced phosphorylation. Not surprisingly, no RelBphosphorylation was observed upon expression of the RelB S472A mutant.

Next, it was important to determine whether RelB serine-472phosphorylation is increased by TNFα stimulation in vivo. A lentiviralvector was used to stably express human WT RelB or RelBS472A mutant inRelB-deficient MEFs. Six hours of TNFα stimulation led to a markedinduction of RelB serine-472 phosphorylation, whereas no suchphosphorylation was observed in RelB S472A expressing cells.Importantly, RelB S472A-infected cell line expressed RelB at levelssimilar to that of WT RelB and expression levels were similar to that ofendogenous RelB in WT MEFs (FIG. 1D).

Those experiments confirmed that we identified RelB serine 472, which isconserved between mammals, as the main phosphorylation site in thetransactivating C-terminus in vitro (FIG. 2).

Serine-472 Phosphorylation Status Regulates RelB Pro-Migration Function

As a role for RelB in cell motility and invasion has recently emerged incancers cells, we speculated that inducible serine-472 phosphorylationof RelB might affect cell migration. We compared wound closure inRelB-deficient MEFs reconstituted with either an empty lentivirus or WTRelB or RelB S472A mutant either left untreated or stimulated with TNFαfor 18 hours. As shown in FIGS. 3A and 3B, reintroduction of WT RelB butnot S472A mutant markedly increased wound closure under the unstimulatedconditions kinetics that parallel what is seen in noninfected WT MEFs,and remarkably the difference was even more pronounced at 18 hours postTNFα stimulation. We also shown that actin filament polymerization andremodeling are influenced by RelB S472 phosphorylation status as, uponTNFα treatment, reintroduction of WT RelB but not S472A RelB mutantmarkedly and significantly increased the number of stress fiberscompared to that seen in empty lentivirus infected RelB-deficient MEFs(FIG. 4).

RelB Serine 472 Phosphorylation Status is Critical for TNF-α-InducedExpression of NF-κB Target Genes Involved in Cell Migration

To gain further insights into the mechanisms that control theserine-472-dependent RelB activating function on fibroblast migration;we examined whether RelB serine-472 phosphorylation status has impact onRelB-mediated gene expression program, particularly those that couldmediate the pro-migration function of RelB. We performed real-timeRT-qPCR analysis on cDNA generated from reconstituted relb^(−/−) MEFstreated with TNF-α for 8 hours and we determined for the first time theimportance of RelB signaling in regulating Matrix Metalloproteinase suchas MMP-3 and MMP-9 gene expression upon TNF-α treatment. Indeed, theexpression of MMP-3 gene was strongly increased in the presence of RelBin MEFs treated with TNF-α and this induction was impaired in the S472Acells (FIG. 5A). This phospho-specific increase was not observed forother RelB-dependent genes such as Enpp2, CXCL12, PTX3, Snail or cIAP1which were modulated upon introduction of WT RelB into RelB-deficientcells compared with what is seen in the empty virus-infected cells.

These results show that RelB exerts a serine 472-dependent selectiveactivating function serving to control TNF-α-induced RelB activity.Further in vivo evidence for a direct role for RelB serine-472phosphorylation in regulating MMP-3 transcription was obtained bychromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) analysis. As shown in FIG. 5B, TNFαstimulation induced efficient recruitment of WT RelB but not S472Amutant to the MMP-3 promoter. As a control, neither WT RelB nor S472Amutant were found to bind to the IκBα promoter. We next evaluatedwhether serine-472 of RelB is required for proper control of MMP-3activity. MMP-3 activity was markedly and significantly increased uponTNFα stimulation in RelB-deficient MEFs infected with a lentiviruscarrying WT RelB compared with what is seen in the empty virus-infectedcells, whereas no such induction was found in S472A expressing cells(FIG. 5C). Taken together, these results suggest that TNFα-mediated RelBserine-472 phosphorylation up-regulates MMP-3 expression, andconsequently its activity, through direct transcriptional control.

MMP-3 Activity is Critical for RelB Serine 472 in PromotingTNF-α-Induced Cell Migration in Fibroblasts

Since we have characterized the pro-migration gene MMP-3 as a novelserine-472-dependent RelB target gene, we examined the directcontribution of MMP-3 in TNFα-induced RelB serine-472 mediated-cellmigration by a direct RNA interference approach. We used two differentsiRNAs (siRNA MMP-3 #1 and siRNA MMP-3 #2) directed against MMP-3 todownregulate MMP-3 expression levels and addressed the effect of MMP-3on cell migration in MEFs. As shown in FIG. 6A, interfering with MMP-3expression by siRNA abrogated TNF-α-enhanced migration of MEFsreconstituted with WT RelB, when compared with RelB-deficient MEFs orMEFs reconstituted with S472A form of RelB. We quantified the percentageof wound closure using Image) software and we showed that thesedifferences in cell migration are statistically significant, notablyfollowing TNF-α stimulation (FIG. 6B). Importantly, these resultsdemonstrate that MMP-3 inhibition significantly prevented the functionof RelB S472 in promoting MEFs cell migration.

RelB Serine-472 Phosphorylation Status Regulates MMP3 Expression andRelB Pro-Migration Function in Breast Cancer Cells.

Strikingly, we revealed the requirement for RelB serine-472 inMDA-MB-231 invasive breast cancer cells in activating gene expression ofMMP3, a member of the matrix metalloproteinase family with documentedpro-migration and invasive function in cancer cells (FIG. 8A). As acontrol, DRAM1 mRNA expression levels appeared to be independent on RelBexpression and its phosphorylation status on serine-472.

It was important to further explore the functional relevance of RelBserine-472 phosphorylation in metastatic breast cancer cells. Weinfected MDA-MB-231 cells with either an empty lentivirus or alentivirus carrying WT RelB or the RelB S472A mutant. WT RelB ectopicexpression had a modest but reproducible effect in increasing woundclosure (30% vs 37%, n=2). Remarkably, expression of the S472A mutantmarkedly decreased wound closure compared to that seen in the emptyvector control cells (30% vs 20%, n=2), thus indicating a dominantnegative effect of RelB S472A mutant on pro-migration function ofendogenous RelB (FIG. 8B).

Metastatic Breast Cancer Cell Lines Exhibit RelB Serine-472Phosphorylation that is not Seen in Non-Metastatic Breast Cancer Cells.

We have performed immunoblotting analysis of 6 triple-negativebasal-like highly invasive breast cancer cell lines vs 3 luminal A/Bnon-metastatic breast cancer cells using anti-phospho serine-472specific RelB antibody. Remarkably, highly invasive basal-like breastcancer cells exhibit the highest level of RelB serine-472phosphorylation (FIG. 9A). As a control, de-phosphorylated samples ofMCF10A (FIG. 9B, left panels) and BT549 (FIG. 9B, right panels) exhibitno detectable signal, confirming phosphorylation as the nature of thedetected band.

RelB Serine-472 Phosphorylation Promotes Invasion of Breast Cancer Cells

Next to study the role of RelB serine 472 in breast cancer cellinvasion, we compared the invasion capacity of metastatic MDA-MB-231breast cancer cells infected with either a lentivirus carrying WT RelBor the RelB S472A mutant by matrigel invasion assay. As shown in FIG.10, expression of the S472A mutant markedly reduced the invasion ofMDA-MB-231 cells compared to that seen in WT RelB expressing cells, thusindicating that RelB serine-472 phosphorylation promotes both breastcancer cell migration and invasion.

Validation of the Mouse Anti-Phospho Serine-472 Specific RelB MonoclonalAntibody by Immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Immunoblotting.

A monoclonal antibody directed against the phosphorylated form of RelBon S472 was generated and validated by IHC (FIG. 11A) and immunoblotting(FIG. 11B) on the invasive breast cancer MDA-MB-231 cells infectedeither with an empty lentivirus (control), or a lentivirus carrying WTRelB, or the RelB S472A mutant. As shown in FIG. 11A, a marked signalwas detected upon ectopic expression of WT RelB but not S472A mutant inMDA-MB-231 cells. Similar results were obtained by immunoblotting (FIG.11B).

Taken together, our data suggest that TNFα-induced serine-472phosphorylation of RelB promotes cell migration by up-regulatingselective RelB-gene expression program the expression of selective NF-κBtarget genes, such as MMP-3. Those results allow us to submit a novelmolecular mechanism responsible for regulating cell migration throughserine-472 phosphorylation of RelB (FIG. 7).

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1-15. (canceled)
 16. An in vitro method for detecting the activation ofthe RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in one sample, said method comprising:a) detecting the phosphorylation of serine 472 of the RelB protein ofSEQ ID NO:1, or of a corresponding serine in a RelB homolog, in saidsample.
 17. The method of claim 16, wherein activation of theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway is detected if said phosphorylation isdetected.
 18. The method of claim 16, wherein said phosphorylation isdetected by means of a reagent enabling to detect the phosphorylation ofserine 472 of a RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1 or of the correspondingserine in a RelB homolog, wherein said reagent is selected from thegroup consisting of: an antibody, an intrabody, an aptamer, and an AQUApeptide.
 19. The method of claim 18, wherein said reagent is amonoclonal antibody.
 20. The method of claim 16, comprising a furtherstep of: b) measuring the phosphorylation level of serine 472 of theRelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1, or of a corresponding serine in a RelBhomolog, in said sample.
 21. The method of claim 20, comprising thefurther steps of: c) comparing the phosphorylation level obtained instep b) with a reference phosphorylation level, and d) determining theactivation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in said sample.
 22. Themethod of claim 21, wherein the activation of the RelB-dependent NFκBpathway is detected if said phosphorylation level obtained in b) issuperior to said reference phosphorylation level.
 23. A method fortreating a cancer at risk of metastazing in a subject in need thereof,said method comprising the steps of: a) detecting the activation of theRelB-dependent NFκB pathway in the cancer cells present in a biologicalsample of said subject, according to the method of claim 16, b)concluding that said subject suffers from a cancer at risk ofmetastazing if the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway in said cancer cells isactivated and c) administering to said subject an efficient dose of atreatment.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein said cancer cells arebreast tumor cells, glioblastoma cells or prostate tumor cells.
 25. Amethod for treating a disorder involving cell migration in a subject,the said method comprising the steps of: a) providing a first sample anda second sample from said subject, the second sample having beencollected from said subject after the first sample, b) detecting theactivation of the RelB-dependent NFκB pathway according to the method ofclaim 16 in said samples, c) comparing the phosphorylation levelsmeasured in step b) for said first and said second samples, and d)administering to said subject an efficient dose of a treatment.
 26. Themethod of claim 25, wherein said disorder is selected from the groupconsisting of: cancer, inflammatory diseases, and cardiovasculardiseases.
 27. A reagent for detecting specifically the phosphorylationof serine 472 of a RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1 or of the correspondingserine in a RelB homolog, wherein said reagent is selected from thegroup consisting of: an antibody, an intrabody, an aptamer, and an AQUApeptide.
 28. The reagent of claim 27, wherein said reagent is selectedfrom the group consisting of: a monoclonal antibody, an intrabody, anaptamer, and an AQUA peptide.
 29. The reagent of claim 28, wherein saidreagent is a monoclonal antibody.
 30. A kit comprising at least onereagent as defined in claim
 12. 31. An in vitro screening method toidentify an antagonist of the RelB dependent—NFκB pathway, said methodcomprising the steps of: a) providing a candidate molecule, b)incubating said candidate molecule with the RelB protein of SEQ ID NO:1or an homolog thereof, in the presence of a IkB kinase inphosphorylating conditions, and c) detecting whether phosphorylation ofserine 472 in SEQ ID NO:1 or of a corresponding serine residue in saidRelB homolog occurs.